Marina, Egypt

Marina
Marina
town
	UTC+2 (EST)

Marina, also Marina El Alamein (

Arabic: مارينا العلمين Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [mæˈɾiːnæ l.ʕælæˈmeːn]), ancient Leukaspis or Antiphrae, is an upscale resort town catering mainly to the Egyptian upper class. It is located on the northern coast of Egypt, with an 11 km (6.8 mi) long beach, about 300 km (190 mi) away from Cairo, in the El Alamein

area.

Archaeological site

The archaeological site of Marina El-Alamein lies about 5 kilometers to the east of the modern town of El-Alamein (96 kilometers west of Alexandria).^[1] It encompasses extensive remains of a harbor city from the Greco-Roman period, which functioned from the 2nd century BC to the 6th century AD.^[2]

Leukaspis was a large port town, with a population around 15,000. It was probably an important trading center between Egypt and Libya, and appears to have been a major center for Cretian imports. The settlement was destroyed in 365, when an earthquake off the coast of Crete created a tsunami. The town was not rebuilt, partially due to the crumbling state of the Roman Empire. Leukaspis was lost until 1986, when a group of engineers who were building roads in Marina revealed ancient houses and tombs. 200 acres (81 ha) of surrounding land was designated an archeological area, and excavations began in the 1990s. Prior to the site's discovery, the port area of the settlement was destroyed to make a man-made lagoon for a resort.

The area of archaeological investigations and conservation work extends about a kilometer along the sea coast and 550 meters inland. The archaeological and architectural research revealed the layout of the ancient city; several areas were distinguished. In the center lay the main square surrounded by porticoes, as well as Hellenistic and Roman baths and a basilica. The neighboring residential quarters were densely built-up. The port infrastructure (now destroyed) and storerooms were located to the north. A vast necropolis and a second (early Christian) basilica were discovered in the southern part of the site.^[3] The necropolis functioned from the end of the 2nd century BC to the 4th century AD. It is quite well-preserved and features an extraordinary variety of funerary monuments. Among the several dozen tombs of different form, there are types which had not been found in Egypt before or, if they had, were very badly preserved.^[1]

In 2010, the Egyptian government started to open up Leukaspis as an open-air museum in mid-September 2010, with the aim to increase tourism to Marina, and nearby

El-Alamein and Taposiris Magna.^[4]^[5]^[6]

History of research

Egyptian Ministry of State for Antiquities began in 1986.^[3] From 1988, Polish-Egyptian conservation expeditions, directed by Włodzimierz Bentkowski (1988–1989) and Jarosław Dobrowolski (1990–1993), worked at the site. In 1995, the Conservation Mission started, headed first by Stanisław Medeksza, and then Rafał Czerner from the Faculty of Architecture of the Wrocław University of Science and Technology.^[3] The project is conducted under the auspices of the Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology University of Warsaw (PCMA UW) in cooperation with the Faculty of Architecture of the Wrocław University of Science and Technology and the Egyptian Ministry of State for Antiquities.^[7] Since 1987, the PCMA UW has also carried out archaeological excavations – Wiktor A. Daszewski directed them until 2011.^[3] He was succeeded by Krzysztof Jakubiak,^[2] who in 2019, after the reframing of the project, became the director of an interdisciplinary project combining conservation and archaeological work.^[8]