Mary Tsukamoto

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Mary Tsukamoto
College of the Pacific[2]
Occupations
  • Educator
  • cultural historian
  • civil rights activist
EmployerElk Grove Unified School District
Known forTime of Remembrance Program, inspired Civil Liberties Act of 1988
Spouse
Alfred Tsukamoto
​
(m. 1936)​
National Women's History Month 2006 honoree[2]

Mary Tsuruko Dakusaku Tsukamoto

National Women's History Month honoree.[2]

Early life

Tsukamoto was born on January 17, 1915, in

College of the Pacific in Stockton, California[2][6][7]

Life in Japanese internment camps

In May 1942, as part of the enforcement of

internment camp at Jerome, Arkansas.[8] She said that she was shocked that human beings were fenced in like animals, and that they were no longer free.[9] The National Women's History Project wrote, "the hardship and humiliation of the internment experience fueled much of Mary’s passion for justice as a teacher, community leader, and civil rights activist."[2]

The Tsukamoto family did not lose their grape farm because a local farmer named Bob Fletcher quit his job and managed the Tsukamoto grape farm. He paid the mortgage and the taxes and saved the profits until the Tsukamoto's were released in 1945.[10]

In 1943, Tsukamoto's brother-in-law and husband were permitted to leave the camp to take jobs. Mary and Marielle were released in November 1943, and moved to Kalamazoo, Michigan, to join them. After President Roosevelt lifted the ban on individuals of Japanese ancestry from the West Coast, they returned to their farm in Florin in 1945.[3][6][11]

Dedication to education

Tsukamoto was encouraged by Isabell Jackson, the principal of her daughter's school, to pursue a teaching career.

California State University at Sacramento create a library collection called The Japanese American Archival Collection (JAAC), where she provided " an initial gift of photographs, documents and artifacts" which has since grown to over 4,000 original items from over 200 donors.[13]

In 1983, Tsukamoto launched the Time of Remembrance program, which was a way to bring Elk Grove students into contact with former internees. The students listened to stories from Japanese Internment camp victims, looked at photographs and artifacts, and learned what it means to be an American citizen.[4] She created this curriculum as a way to shed light on the discrimination that the Japanese endured during World War II, and to enrich their knowledge of American history.[13] Her daughter, Marielle, described this work of her mother's as a way to "tie this story to the Constitution. It’s every citizen’s responsibility to make sure our own civil rights and someone else’s rights are not denied."[14]

Dedication to civil rights liberties

Tsukamoto's growing discontent over the treatment of Japanese Americans in World War II played a major role in her quest for redress. In 1981, she testified in the Congressional hearings by the United States Commission on Wartime Internment and Relocation of Civilians,[3] and, in 1987, she published the book We the People: A Story of Internment in America; its purpose was: "To help ensure that all the citizens of the United States have the opportunity to learn about the Japanese internment experience, as well as the courage, resilience, and patriotism of the people interned."[2] She developed an exhibit on internment at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington D.C for the bicentennial celebration of the U.S. Constitution.[3][15] Her daughter, Marielle, said that one of her mother's proudest moments came when President Ronald Reagan signed House Resolution 442, the Civil Liberties Act of 1988, where the U.S. government apologized for the internment of Japanese Americans; it stated that the internment was a "grave injustice to both citizens and permanent residents of Japanese ancestry", and granted each detainee US$20,000 for "the incalculable losses in education and job training, all of which resulted in significant human suffering … for these fundamental violations of basic civil liberties and constitutional rights of these individuals"[16] Mary Tsukamoto lived by the motto that "never again" should citizens lose their fundamental rights.[2][4]

Legacy

In 1992, the Mary Tsukamoto Elementary School opened in the Elk Grove District in the Vintage Park area of South Sacramento.[6] The school was dedicated "in her honor as a tribute to Mary’s work in establishing cultural and educational programs."[2]

In 2003, her Time of Remembrance Program moved from the Elk Grove district office to the California Museum for History, Women, and the Arts where it shows as a seasonal exhibit tour. In 2006, about 6,500 fifth graders studied her Time of Remembrance curriculum.[17][18] where workshops and special exhibit tours are held seasonally.[12][19]

The California State Senate recognized her as a Notable Californian.[3] In March 2006, she was one of ten women recognized as a

National Women's History Month honoree.[2]

Her daughter, Marielle Tsukamoto, graduated from The University of the Pacific with a Bachelor of Arts in education; she was a teacher for 25 years, and returned to Elk Grove district as an administrator where she retired in 2001. She continues to carry on Mary's work in internment education, and serves on the board of directors for the National Women's History Project.[20]

Books

  • Tsukamoto, Mary; Pinkerton, Elizabeth (1987). We the People: A Story of Internment in America. Laguna Publishers.
    ISBN 978-0944665411. reprinted 1988[2][4]

References

  1. ^ a b c "Graduating students at Florin elementary school". Japanese American Archival Collection. Retrieved September 8, 2012.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Women's History Month - 2006 Honorees - Mary Tsukamoto (1915-1998)". National Women's History Project. Retrieved September 7, 2012.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m (Marzell 2012)
  4. ^ a b c d e Honda, Michael (July 2006). "Honoring Mary Tsukamoto". Congressional Record, V. 152, Pt. 11, July 13, 2006 to July 24, 2006, Part 11.
  5. ^ "A More Perfect Union: Japanese Americans and the U.S. Constitution". Smithsonian National Museum of American History.
  6. ^ a b c d e f "Elk Grove woman honored for dedication to teaching". Lodi News-Sentinel. Sacramento. SMWS. December 27, 1997.
  7. ^ "Faces of Freedom - Mary Tsukamoto". Freedom Express Exhibit Guide. Robert McCormick Foundation. Retrieved September 7, 2012.
  8. ^ "Japanese American Internee Data File: Tsuruko M Tsukamoto". National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved August 17, 2019.
  9. ^ "Daily Life in the Internment Camps". OurStory. Smithsonian Natural Museum of American History. Retrieved September 7, 2012. We saw all these people behind the fence, looking out, hanging onto the wire, and looking out because they were anxious to know who was coming in. But I will never forget the shocking feeling that human beings were behind this fence like animals [crying]. And we were going to also lose our freedom and walk inside of that gate and find ourselves…cooped up there…when the gates were shut, we knew that we had lost something that was very precious; that we were no longer free.
  10. ISBN 978-1467105910
    . Retrieved November 26, 2021.
  11. ^ "Oral History T-U". Florin JACL - Japanese American Citizens League. Retrieved September 7, 2012.
  12. ^ a b "TIME OF REMEMBRANCE - January 28 - March 22, 2013". The California Museum. August 10, 2012. Retrieved September 7, 2012.
  13. ^ a b "Japanese American Archival Collection". Retrieved September 7, 2012.
  14. ^ Nix, Melissa (December 6, 2007). "Painful childhood memory: Daughter keeps mother's legacy alive with Web site". The Sacramento Bee. Retrieved September 7, 2012.[permanent dead link]
  15. ^ Durso, Lauri (November 5, 1987). "A Wrong The Constitution Failed To Right". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved September 8, 2012.
  16. ^ 100th Congress, S. 1009, reproduced at internmentarchives.com; accessed 19 September 2006.
  17. ^ "About the Time of Remembrance Program". Elk Grove Unified School District. 2005.
  18. ^ "Japanese American Citizens League hosts 75th anniversary, Marielle Tsukamoto president". Elk Grove Citizen. February 9, 2010.
  19. ^ "'Time of Remembrance' program given school board recognition". Elk Grove Citizen. March 2, 2010.
  20. ^ "National Women's History Project - Board of Directors". National Women's History Project. Retrieved September 7, 2012.
  • (2006-03-16) "Voice from the past: Elk Grove teacher honored as historical figure." The Sacramento Bee [Sacramento, CA] Retrieved 2011-10-16 (general onefile)
  • "Japanese Americans - Home at Last". National Geographic. April 1986.

External links

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