Masopha
Masopha | |
---|---|
House of Moshoeshoe | |
Father | Moshoeshoe I |
Mother | ’MaMohato |
Masopha (c. 1820 – July 1898) was a chief of the
Early life
Masopha Moshoeshoe (also spelled Masuphag or Masopa) was born either in 1820 or 1822.
Rise to prominence
Masopha went on to distinguish himself as a warrior and was considered the most courageous of Moshoeshoe's sons.[2] Since the 1820s, the Basuto frequently engaged in warfare with neighboring tribes and European settlements. Which took the form of cattle raids and the occasional burning of villages. To that end Moshoeshoe had accumulated more horses and guns than any other chieftain in South Africa.[8] In the 1852, Masopha took part in the Battle of Berea where the Basuto fought against a British punitive expedition. Masopha also participated in raids against white settlers in Bloemfontein. In 1853, Masopha participated in a campaign against Batlakoa chief Kgosi Sekonyela, successfully storming his stronghold Marabeng.[1][2] In 1855, he established a village known as Masopha's Mile located a 1 mile (1.6 km) from the Thupa Kubu stream on the Berea plateau. There he amassed a considerable following.[9] In 1858, war broke out between the Basuto and the Boer Orange Free State.[10] On 12 April 1858, Masopha and other chiefs held the Boers at bay on the Caledon.[11] Masopha led part of the Basuto army and participated in the peace negotiations that followed. In 1865, hostilities between the two sides resumed, Masopha captured numerous heads of cattle from the Boers and their allies. His regiments raided the Griqua village of Platberg, killing all the men and enslaving all the women.[12] Masopha's troops were heavily defeated by the Boers while trying to defend his village, forcing him to abandon it.[13] He later joined the defense of the Thaba Bosiu stronghold, acting as Moshoeshoe's main military advisor.[14] By 1866, the tide of war had turned against the Basuto. Fearing that Basuto were facing annihilation, Moshoeshoe, his sons and local missionaries began appealing to British High Commissioner for Southern Africa Sir Philip Wodehouse and the Colony of Natal for protection. Judging the expansion of the Free State to be contrary to British geopolitical interests, Wodehouse proclaimed Basutoland to be a royal dominion on 12 March 1868.[15]
Following Moshoeshoe's death in 1870, he was succeeded by Letsie I.[16] It is believed that Masopha was planning to establish an independent kingdom upon his father's death but was prevented from doing so due to the British annexation. Masopha remained insubordinate to colonial rule, by failing to enforce colonial legislation and resisting taxation.[2] The Basuto gradually became more apprehensive towards the colonial authorities due to the erosion of traditional chiefly authority.[17] In 1879, the Cape Colony prime minister Sir Gordon Sprigg decided to extend the Peace Preservation Act to Basutoland. Under its terms the colony would confiscate the firearms of Basutoland's African population in exchange for monetary compensation. The majority of the Basuto saw the law as unacceptable due to the gun's high symbolic and monetary value in local society.[18][19] The Cape authorities struggled to enforce the disarmament law. During a pitso (formal assembly) convened on 3 July 1879, Masopha and his nephew chief Joel Molapo called for armed resistance against the law's implementation. Masopha began to fortify Thaba Bosiu, while the supporters of the rebel chiefs began ignoring orders from the local magistrates. Anarchy broke out, as rebels began attacking loyalists who had surrendered their weapons and seized their property.[20][21] Sprigg pressured Letsie I into arresting Masopha. Letsie I believed that most of his nation had rallied behind Masopha and this was therefore unfeasible. In response to Letsie's calls for deescalation, Masopha and the heir apparent Lerotholi began to prepare for war.[22]
Gun War and downfall
In September 1880, the Basuto rose in rebellion against the
Hostilities had ended and most Basuto chiefs including Lerotholi welcomed the Award, 3,000 heads of cattle were paid almost immediately as a gesture of goodwill.[29] Masopha emerged as the leader of Basuto opposition to the Award. Demanding to be granted almost arbitrary power, refusing to pay his share of the hut tax and forbidding the return of the local magistrate. His stance prevented the restitution of property to Basuto loyalists residing in his district.[30] In January 1882, Letsie I assembled an army in order to enforce the Award on Masopha, yet the expedition was cancelled as it was judged that Masopha retained considerable popular support.[31] Major General Charles George Gordon was invited to Basutoland in an effort to negotiate a settlement with the Basuto after the Award was cancelled in April 1882.[32] During his stay in the Cape, Gordon grew increasingly disillusioned with his colleagues' vision of Basutoland's future. Gordon sought an audience with Masopha, believing that he would be able to negotiate a satisfactory settlement to the conflict. In September 1882, Gordon and Jacobus Wilhelmus Sauer traveled to Basutoland in person. On 16 September, Sauer held a private meeting with Letsie I and Lerotholi, consenting to the Basuto chiefs' proposal to assemble a force against Masopha.[33] On 25 September, Gordon departed for a meeting with Masopha at his stronghold in Thaba Bosiu. At the same time Lerotholi finished preparations for an impending attack on his uncle.[34] Masopha feigned interest in Gordon's proposals, intentionally prolonging the negotiations for an extra day. A storm then caused severe rainfall in the adjacent area, thwarting Lerotholi's plans of an assault. Both Gordon and Lerotholi departed Thaba Bosiu without having achieved their respective objectives. Lerotholi felt humiliated by the incident, giving birth to a long lasting rivalry between him and his uncle.[35]
On 18 March 1884, Basutoland was transformed High Commission
In October 1897, Lerotholi harrowed four fields in Madisanyane which Masopha continued to claim despite a court order against him. Masopha responded by giving one of the fields to two of his supporters, warning that he was prepared to fight over the fields if their boundaries were to be violated. In the meantime, Masopha's son Moeketsi had illegally crossed into the Free State to punish a man who had run away with another man's wife. Upon catching the man, Moeketsi's retinue assaulted and allegedly castrated him. Moeketsi was subsequently arrested and jailed by the Free State, he successfully escaped from jail and fled to Basutoland soon afterwards. The Free State demanded Moeketsi's extradition, however Masopha refused to comply after facing pressure from his wife. Lagden requested Lerotholi to apprehend Moeketsi. Despite the clash of personalities between Lerotholi and Masopha, Lerotholi was deeply aware of the popular support Masopha enjoyed. Lerotholi therefore insisted on receiving a direct order, so as to shift responsibility for his actions on the colonial government.[40]
In January 1898, Lerotholi ordered his men to take key position around Thaba Bosiu. Several people were killed in the ensuing clashes between Lerotholi's and Masopha's supporters. Lerotholi had issued a call to arms to minor chiefs across the region, amassing approximately 10,000 warriors. Masopha could rely on the support of a comparable number of his tribesmen. Chief Jonathan Molapo withdrew his support for Masopha after the beginning on the siege of Thaba Bosiu, while chief Maama opted to remain neutral. After the exchange of numerous messages between Lagden and Lerotholi, the former finally issued an official order authorizing an attack on Thaba Bosiu. Three weeks into the siege Maama (who had married two of Masopha's daughters) attempted to negotiate a peaceful resolution of the conflict with Lagden, but was rebuked.[41][42] On 26 January, Lerotholi commenced an assault on Thaba Bosiu, defeating the defenders, a total of 55 people were killed in the fighting. Masopha was forced to pay a heavy fine and abandon his ancestral village, while also being stripped of the privileges he once enjoyed as district chief. His son was arrested and forwarded for trial. Following his defeat, a big portion of Masopha's supporters left the Berea region. He died in July 1898. His funeral was described as "unceremonious" and no major chief attended it.[43]
During Masopha's lifetime his bravery was commemorated through numerous lithoko praise-poems.
Footnotes
- ^ a b c d Irvine.
- ^ a b c d e Rosenberg, Weisfelder & Frisbie-Fulton 2004, p. 232.
- ^ a b Thompson 1975, p. 179.
- ^ Rosenberg, Weisfelder & Frisbie-Fulton 2004, pp. 12–13.
- ^ Maliehe 2014, p. 29.
- ^ Thompson 1975, p. 178.
- ^ Morelli 2022, p. 299.
- ^ Atmore & Sanders 1971, pp. 536–537.
- ^ Sanders 1975, p. 205.
- ^ Atmore & Sanders 1971, p. 540.
- ^ Sanders 1975, p. 231.
- ^ Morelli 2019, p. 59.
- ^ Sanders 1975, p. 286.
- ^ Sanders 1975, p. 289.
- ^ Burman 1981, pp. 15–16.
- ^ Machobane & Karschay 1990, pp. 43–44.
- ^ Burman 1981, pp. 91–92.
- ^ Burman 1981, p. 133.
- ^ Eldredge 2007, p. 71.
- ^ Burman 1981, pp. 139–142.
- ^ Machobane & Karschay 1990, pp. 53–54.
- ^ Burman 1981, pp. 142–145.
- ^ Atmore & Sanders 1971, pp. 543–544.
- ^ Eldredge 2007, pp. 82–86.
- ^ Kotze 2012, p. 54.
- ^ Burman 1981, p. 148.
- ^ Eldredge 2007, p. 106.
- ^ Burman 1981, pp. 150–151.
- ^ a b Eldredge 2007, pp. 107–108.
- ^ Bradlow 1970, p. 224.
- ^ Eldredge 2007, pp. 109–110.
- ^ Bradlow 1970, pp. 224–226.
- ^ Bradlow 1970, pp. 230–233.
- ^ Burman 1981, pp. 167–168.
- ^ Eldredge 2007, pp. 111–112.
- ^ Eldredge 2007, pp. 116–119.
- ^ Machobane & Karschay 1990, p. 90.
- ^ Eldredge 2007, pp. 121–122.
- ^ Eldredge 2007, pp. 124–126.
- ^ Eldredge 2007, pp. 127–131.
- ^ Eldredge 2007, pp. 133–136.
- ^ Machobane & Karschay 1990, p. 73.
- ^ Eldredge 2007, pp. 137, 140–141.
- ^ Morelli 2022, p. 306.
- ^ Mohome 1972, p. 172.
- ^ Guma 2001, p. 268.
References
- Atmore, Anthony; Sanders, Peter (1971). "Sotho Arms and Ammunition in the Nineteenth Century". The Journal of African History. 12 (4): 535–544.
- Bradlow, Edna (1970). "General Gordon in Basutoland". Historia. 15 (4): 223–242. ISSN 0018-229X. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
- Burman, Sandra (1981). Chiefdom Politics and Alien Law: Basutoland under Cape Rule 1871-1884. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-349-04639-3.
- Eldredge, Elizabeth (2007). Power in Colonial Africa Conflict and Discourse in Lesotho, 1870–1960. The University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-22370-0.
- Guma, Mthobeli (2001). "The cultural meaning of names among Basotho of South Africa: a historical and linguistic analysis". Nordic Journal of African Studies. 10 (3): 265–279. . Retrieved 17 March 2024.
- Irvine, Keith, "Masopha", Dictionary of African Christian Biography, Dictionary of African Christian Biography online, retrieved 1 December 2021
- Kotze, J. (2012). "Counter-Insurgency in the Cape Colony, 1872 - 1882". Scientia Militaria: South African Journal of Military Studies. 31 (2): 36–58. doi:10.5787/31-2-152. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
- Machobane, L. B.; Karschay, Stephan (1990). Government and Change in Lesotho, 1800-1966: A Study of Political Institutions. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-51570-9.
- Maliehe, Sean (2014). "An obscured narrative in the political economy of colonial commerce in Lesotho, 1870–1966". Historia. 59 (2): 28–45. ISSN 0018-229X. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
- Mohome, Paulus (1972). "Naming in Sesotho: Its sociocultural and linguistic basis". Names. 20 (3): 171–185. .
- Morelli, Ettore (2019). "Have you ever captured anything for your parents?'War, captivity, and slavery on the precolonial southern African Highveld, c. 1800–71". The Journal of African History. 60 (1): 45–65. .
- Morelli, Ettore (2022). "Bonded: Elite Marriage and Slavery in Nineteenth-Century Lesotho". Slavery & Abolition. 43 (2): 285–319. S2CID 249484968.
- Rosenberg, Scott; Weisfelder, Richard; Frisbie-Fulton, Michelle (2004). Historical Dictionary of Lesotho. The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-4871-6.
- Sanders, Peter (1975). Moshoeshoe, chief of the Sotho. Heinemann. ISBN 978-0435327934.
- Thompson, Leonard (1975). Survival in two worlds : Moshoeshoe of Lesotho, 1786-1870. Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0198216933.