Michele Amari
Michele Amari | |
---|---|
![]() Michele Amari | |
Born | |
Died | 16 July 1889 | (aged 83)
Occupation(s) | civil servant (1820–42), professor (1859–66), minister of education (1862–64), senator (1861–89) |
Notable work | History of the War of the Sicilian Vespers (1842) |
Michele Benedetto Gaetano Amari (7 July 1806 in Palermo – 16 July 1889 in Florence) was a Sicilian patriot,
Biography
Family background
In his memoirs, Amari portrayed his paternal grandfather Michele as a wealthy attorney who lived "on the third floor" of a house in central Palermo, on the corner of Via del Cassaro and Strada della Mercede.[1] But the historian's relation to his cousin and frequent correspondent, also Michele , later Count Amari of Sant'Adriano,[2] who largely shared his political trajectory, reveals Amari's father Ferdinando (d. 1850) to have been a younger son of Michele (c.1740–1820), the third Count Amari of Sant'Adriano from 1767. The title was acquired for the family by the latter's grandfather and namesake, Michele Amari, in 1722. The first Count, whose position derived from the hereditary office of the administrator of the royal tobacco monopoly, added a rural villa of his own to the residential suburb of Piana dei Colli (Plain of the Hills), today a northern district of Palermo, on land purchased from the marquises della Torretta in 1720.[3][4] The pursuit of education and direct involvement in governmental affairs may have distinguished the family among the Sicilian noble class.[5]
Early life and education
Ferdinando was an accountant in the municipal bank of Palermo. His marriage to Giulia Venturelli, Amari's mother, was opposed by his family. Due to Ferdinando's financial troubles caused by gambling, Amari lived with his grandfather in central Palermo from 1814.
History of the War of the Sicilian Vespers and first exile
By 1837 he had prepared the outline of his principal work, a detailed investigation of the war of the Sicilian Vespers (1282–1302), which was conceived as a call to overthrowing the Bourbon rule in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. The publication was delayed by Amari's involvement in health administration during an outbreak of cholera in 1837 and by his subsequent transfer to Naples in 1838–40 where he carried out additional research in the state archives. The book, first released in 1842 with a title that understated its message to bypass censorship, rapidly won a mass audience in Sicily and on the Italian mainland, and caused concern in the Neapolitan government. Amari went into exile in Paris where he studied Arabic with Joseph Toussaint Reinaud. He moved in the French liberal elite circles, where his acquaintances included Alexandre Dumas, Jules Michelet, Jean Alexandre Buchon, Abel-François Villemain, Augustin Thierry and Adolphe Thiers.[6]
Revolution of 1848 and renewed exile
During the Sicilian revolution of 1848, he travelled back to the island to take up the chair of public law at the University of Palermo. Elected a deputy to the Sicilian Parliament, he was subsequently nominated the Minister of Finance in the revolutionary government. From August 1848 to April 1849, he lobbied for the recognition of the Sicilian state in Paris and London. After an abortive return to Sicily in April 1849, he pursued scholarly work in Paris until May 1859, when he accepted a position in Arabic at the University of Pisa.[6]
Role in the annexation of Sicily
In December 1859 he and his cousin Emerico, a philosopher of history, received appointments at the
Later life and death
Amari was appointed a senator of the Kingdom of Sardinia in January 1861, two months before the proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy,[22] as was his cousin Count Amari, who had remained in Turin, several weeks later.
Amari was the Minister of Education in the cabinets of Luigi Carlo Farini and Marco Minghetti from 7 December 1862 to 23 September 1864. He retired as academic in 1866 but continued publishing new works and holding public offices related to research and teaching. He lived in Florence until 1873, then in Rome, Pisa, and again in Rome from 1888.[6] He died at Florence in 1889 and was buried in Palermo.
Amari married Louise Boucher in 1865; they had two daughters.[6]
Scholarship
Amari's historical works trace the formation of Sicily's national characteristics from the period of
Having mastered Arabic in Paris, Amari acted as a forerunner of Oriental studies in Italy. His efforts earned him the recognition as one of 19th-century Europe's finest translators of medieval Arabic writings. His Storia dei musulmani di Sicilia (History of the Muslims of Sicily, 1854) has been translated into many languages, including into Arabic by a group of Egyptian scholars as recently as 2004. He left his collection of Oriental studies books and manuscripts to the Accademia dei Lincei.[24]
In 1851, Amari published a translation into Italian of an Arabic work of the
His work proved influential with later historians of Islam: among them, in Italy, Leone Caetani, Francesco Gabrieli, Umberto Rizzitano and Paolo Minganti.
Heinrich Leberecht Fleischer of the University of Leipzig, in publishing two supplements to Amari's Siculo-Arabic Library, credited him with reviving Oriental studies in Italy[citation needed].
Views
A rationalist and a positivist, Amari exhibited a strong ethical sensibility, commitment to secularism and a notion of civic virtues, and indifference to religious disputes. He cited the works of Antoine Destutt de Tracy and Adam Smith as decisive in his intellectual formation.[6]
Principal works
- La guerra del Vespro siciliano (1842, first edition published as Un periodo delle istorie siciliane del secolo XIII; revised 9th edn. 1886: vol. 1, vol. 2, vol. 3) (English tr. of 2nd (?) edn. Francis Egerton, History of the War of the Sicilian Vespers, 3 vols., London 1850: vol. 1, vol. 2, vol. 3)
- "Frammenti di testi Arabi sulla Storia della Sicilia Musulmana", Archivio Storico Italiano, appendix no. 4 to vol. 16 (1847), pp. 9–88 (alternative copy)
- La Sicile et les Bourbons (1849)
- Solwan el Mota', ossiano Conforti politici di Ibn Zafer, arabo siciliano del XII secolo (1851; English tr. Solwan; Or, Waters of Comfort by Ibn Zafer, 2 vols., 1852: vol. 1, vol. 2)
- Storia dei musulmani di Sicilia (1854–1868: vol. 1, vol. 2, vol. 3; revised 2nd edn. 1933–1939)
- Biblioteca arabo-sicula ossia raccolta di testi arabici che toccano la geografia, la storia, le biografie, e la bibliografia della Sicilia (1857, Arabic texts; Italian tr. Biblioteca arabo-sicula, 1880: vol. 1,vol. 2)
- Carte comparée de la Sicile moderne avec la Sicile au XIIe siècle d'après Édrisi et d'autres géographes arabes (with Auguste Henri Dufour, 1859)
- "Nuovi ricordi arabici su la storia di Genova", Atti della Società Ligure di Storia Patria 5 (1867), pp. 551–635 (reprinted 1873)
- Le epigrafi arabiche di Sicilia trascritte, tradotte e illustrate, 4 vols. (1875–1885: vol. 1, vol. 2)
- Altre narrazioni del Vespro Siciliano, scritte nel buon secolo della lingua (1887)
References
- ^ Derenbourg 1905, p. 93.
- ^ Mack Smith 1954, p. 12.
- ^ a b Giuffrè 2020, p. 15.
- ^ "Palermo apre le porte, la scuola adotta un monumento", palermoweb.com, 2003, retrieved 13 March 2023
- ^ Mack Smith 1997, p. 35–37.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Gabrieli & Romeo 1960.
- ^ Derenbourg 1905, p. 94.
- ^ Antonetti 1994, p. 362–3, 365–6, 378–81, 407–8.
- ^ Derenbourg 1905, p. 96.
- ^ Amari 1896a, p. 1.
- ^ Giuffrè 2020, p. 18.
- ^ N. 15/ 98 R.G.C. A., N. 9/2000 SENT. (PDF), Repubblica Italiana, Tribunale di Palermo, retrieved 13 March 2023
- ^ Aquarone 1960.
- ^ Mack Smith 1954, p. 83.
- ^ Amari 1896b, p. 141.
- ^ Mack Smith 1954, p. 73–4.
- ^ Mack Smith 1954, p. 101, 233.
- ^ Mack Smith 1954, p. 184.
- ^ Amari 1896b, p. 134–41.
- ^ Mack Smith 1954, p. 265.
- ^ Mack Smith 1954, p. 285–92.
- ^ "Amari, Michele", senato.it, Senato della Repubblica, retrieved 10 March 2023
- ^ Amari, Michele; Nallino, Carlo Alfonso (1933). Storia dei Musulmani di Sicilia. Oxford University. Catania, R. Prampolini.
- ^ "Biblioteca dell'Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei e Corsiniana", lincei.it, Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, retrieved 11 March 2023
Sources
- Amari, Michele (1896a), D'Ancona, Alessandro (ed.), Carteggio di Michele Amari, vol. 1, Torino: Roux
- Amari, Michele (1896b), D'Ancona, Alessandro (ed.), Carteggio di Michele Amari, vol. 2, Torino: Roux
- Amari, Michele (1907), D'Ancona, Alessandro (ed.), Carteggio di Michele Amari, vol. 3, Torino: Roux
- Derenbourg, Hartwig (1905), "Notice biographique sur Michele Amari (1806-1889)", Opuscules d'un Arabisant, 1868-1905, Paris: Charles Carrington, pp. 87–242
- Marcolongo, Bianca (1911), "Le idee politiche di M. Amari", Archivio Storico Siciliano, 36: 190–240 (reprinted in Studi amariani, ed. Andrea Borruso, Rosa D'Angelo and Rosa Scaglione Guccione, Palermo: Società Siciliana per la Storia Patria, 1991)
- Baldasseroni, Francesco (1914), "Michele Amari e Giovan Pietro Vieusseux (con Appendice di lettere inedite)", Archivio Storico Italiano, 72 (4): 245–346, JSTOR 44459942
- Mack Smith, Denis (1954), Cavour and Garibaldi, 1860: A Study in Political Conflict, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
- Dizionario biografico degli italiani, vol. 2, Treccani, retrieved 11 March 2023
- Aquarone, Alberto (1960), "Amari, Emerico", Dizionario biografico degli italiani, vol. 2, Treccani, retrieved 13 March 2023
- Amari, Michele (1981), Diari e appunti autobiografici inediti, Naples: Edizioni Scientifiche Italiane
- Antonetti, Guy (1994), Louis-Philippe, Paris: Fayard
- Mack Smith, Denis (1997), Modern Italy: A Political History, New Haven, CT: Yale University
- Giuffrè, Fabrizio (2020), "60 ville da salvare: il caso di villa Amari", Salvare Palermo, 54/55: 15–18