Middle Passage (poem)
"Middle Passage" is a poem by Robert Hayden. Hayden first published the poem in 1945 and revised it in 1962.[1]
Background and publication
The American poet Robert Hayden started researching with the intent of writing his poem in the late 1930s[2] and started to write "Middle Passage" in 1941 and sought to include it in The Black Spear, an "epic sequence" of poetry inspired by Stephen Vincent Benét's work John Brown’s Body. Hayden based the poem in part on The Waste Land by T. S. Eliot. He first published the poem in Phylon in 1945. He significantly revised it for publication in his 1962 A Ballad of Remembrance. "Middle Passage" is the "centerpiece" of A Ballad of Remembrance, and that collection is considered to have played a large role in increasing Hayden's reputation as a poet. It was then republished in several of Hayden's other anthologies with minor revisions, including Selected Poems (1966) and Angle of Ascent (1975).[3]
Content and revision
Hayden said that in writing the poem he sought to “contribute toward an understanding of what our [African-American] past had really been like”. He was likely influenced by the recent
The original version of the poem has some
Reception
Most critical analysis has focused on Hayden's revised version of "Middle Passage". While A Ballad of Remembrance received relatively little note upon publication, scholarly attention grew in the years that followed, winning the 1966
References
- ISSN 1478-8810.
- ^ JSTOR 44329417.
- ^ S2CID 154140905.
- S2CID 160066510.
- JSTOR 10.3998/mpub.17204.