Military Assistance Advisory Group
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A Military Assistance Advisory Group (MAAG) is a designation for a group of
Typically, the personnel of MAAGs were considered to be technical staff attached to, and enjoying the privileges of, the US diplomatic mission in a country. "The special status of personnel serving in Military Advisory Assistance Groups (MAAG) results from their position as an integral part of the Embassy of the United States where they perform duty."[2] Although the term is not as widespread as it once was, the functions performed by MAAGs continue to be performed by successor organizations attached to embassies, often called United States Military Groups (USMILGP or MILGRP). The term MAAG may still occasionally be used for such organizations helping promote military partnerships with several Latin American countries such as Peru and the Dominican Republic as well as in African countries such as Liberia.[citation needed]
Post-WWII China
At the end of World_War_II, a Col. Wise recruited for the Military Advisory Group to the Republic_of_China_Air_Force with headquarters located at Nanking and liaison teams at Hankou.
Yugoslavia
A MAAG of 30 officers commanded by Brigadier General John W. Harmony[3] was established by the United States in Belgrade in 1951. It operated for ten years, disbursing military grants and arranging another US$1 billion in arms sales on favorable terms. Among weapons transferred were 599 M-4A3 tanks, 319 M-47 tanks, 715 M-7, M-l8, and M-36 self-propelled guns, 565 M-3A1 and M-8 armored cars, and a total of total of 760 105mm, 155mm, and 203mm artillery pieces.[4] The artillery pieces delivered were used to reequip artillery units within Yugoslavia's eight divisions.[5]
Harmony was promoted to major general by February 1956 and became commander of Military Advisory Assistance Group (Provisional) - Korea.[1]
Indochina; Vietnam
In September 1950, US President
The French Army, however, was reluctant to take U.S. advice, and would not allow the Vietnamese army to be trained to use the new equipment, because it went against French policy. They were supposed to not only defeat enemy forces but to solidify themselves as a colonial power, and they could not do this with a Vietnamese army. French commanders were so reluctant to accept advice that would weaken the time-honored colonial role that they got in the way of the various attempts by the MAAG to observe where the equipment was being sent and how it was being used. Eventually, the French decided to cooperate, but at that point, it was too late.[6] By 1954, the United States had spent $1 billion in support of the French military effort, shouldering 80 percent of the cost of the war.
In 1954 the commanding general of French forces in
At a conference in Washington, D.C., on February 12, 1955, between officials of the U.S. State Department and the French Minister of Overseas Affairs, it was agreed that all U.S. aid would be funneled directly to South Vietnam and that all major military responsibilities would be transferred from the French to the MAAG under the command of Lieutenant General John O'Daniel. MAAG Indochina was renamed the MAAG Vietnam on November 1, 1955, as the United States became more deeply involved in what would come to be known as the Vietnam War.
The next few years saw the rise of a Communist insurgency in South Vietnam, and President
Newly elected President
MAAG Indochina had three commanders: BG Francis G. Brink (who committed suicide at The Pentagon on 24 June 1952[10]), October 1950 – June 1952; MG Thomas J. H. Trapnell, June 1952 – April 1954; and LTG John W. O'Daniel, April 1954 – November 1955. MAAG Vietnam was commanded by LTG Samuel T. Williams, November 1955 – September 1960; LTG Lionel C. McGarr, September 1960 – January 1962; and GEN Paul D. Harkins, January 1962 – June 1964.
MAAG Thailand
As part of the military outreach of the USA to friendly countries in Southeast Asia, a MAAG was established in Bangkok, Thailand in September 1950 with Brigadier general John T. Cole as Group Chief.
It was replaced by the Joint United States Military Advisory Group Thailand in September 1953, which still operates today.[11]
MAAG Laos
MAAG Laos was preceded by the
One of MAAG Laos' commanders was Reuben Tucker.
MAAG Cambodia
MAAG Cambodia was established on June 4, 1955, pursuant to the United States-Royal Government of Cambodia agreement of May 16, 1955. This agreement included the introduction of high-ranking US military personnel to advise the Cambodian armed forces as non-combatants.[13] The advisory group was staffed mainly by army personnel, with smaller contingents of navy and air force personnel.
As Cambodia's leadership took an official policy of neutrality in the Cold War, MAAG Cambodia's involvement in the country was terminated on November 20, 1963, by General Order 6, MAAG Cambodia, following the Cambodian government's cancellation of all U.S. aid.[14]
MAAG, Taiwan
From 1951 until 1978, there was a Military Assistance Advisory Group to the
The Military Assistance Advisory Group, Taiwan, commanded by Army Major General William C. Chase, was authorized 67 Army, 4 Navy and 63 Air Force personnel.[15] Under the group's joint headquarters were Army, Navy and Air Force sections. General Chase arrived at Taipei, Taiwan, on 1 May 1951 to begin carrying out his duties as the military member of a team, which was charged with insuring that all assistance granted the Chinese Nationalists was in furtherance of United States foreign policy.
After its arrival at Taiwan, the advisory group was reorganized and expanded.[15] Initially there was no representation from the Marine Corps, until a U.S. Marine officer, Robert B. Carney Jr., was added to the team. Later on he was joined by a dozen other officers and enlisted men, bringing up the total to 13 Marine Corps personnel.[16] The original three Service sections proved inadequate, so a joint technical service section was created as a counterpart to, and for advising, the Nationalist Army's Combined Service Force, which comprised the medical, signal, engineer, ordnance, transportation, chemical, and quartermaster services. A Headquarters Commandant, on the same level as the four section chiefs, was made responsible for the routine tasks necessary to support the group. Military Assistance Advisory Group officers assisted their counterparts within the Nationalist Ministry of National Defense and the general headquarters. Special teams were created as needed to provide aid at service schools and in tactical units.
On September 3, 1954, fourteen 120mm and 155mm Chinese Communist artillery in Xiamen (Amoy) and Dadeng (Tateng) fired six thousand rounds at the Kinmen (Quemoy) Islands in a five-hour period.[17] Two Americans of the US Military Assistance Advisory Group, Lieutenant Colonel Alfred Medendorp and Lieutenant Colonel Frank Lynn, were killed in the shelling. Memorial cenotaphs were erected for the officers on Greater Kinmen by the ROC Army Kinmen Defense Command (陸軍金門防衛指揮部) in 1992 and 2011 respectively.[18] Lt. Col. Alfred Medendorp (孟登道中校) was posthumously awarded the Order of the Cloud and Banner in November 1954.[19]
General Chase retired in 1955 at which time he was succeeded by U.S. Brigadier General Lester Bork.[20] In 1967, Major General Richard Ciccolella commanded the MAAG.[21] By this time, the CINCPAC Command History for 1967 gives the title as "MAAG China".
American military advisors were tasked with providing arms and military advice, assisting with Taiwanese military training, implementation of the
Since 1979, the site of MAAG headquarters in Taipei has been occupied by American Institute in Taiwan/Taipei Main Office, which moved to a new office complex in 2019. The American Club Taipei currently occupies the former site of the MAAG NCO Open Mess - Club 63.
MAAG, Greece
In 1983, Joint MAAG in Greece US Navy Captain George Tsantes was killed by Revolutionary Organization 17 November.[23]
Notes
This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Army Center of Military History
- ^ Curtis 1992, p. 231.
- ^ Fleck & Addy 2001, p. 102.
- ^ Lieutenant Colonel M.N. Kadick, "How Strong is Tito's Army?," Combat Forces Journal, May 1952.
- ^ Dimitrijevic 1997, pp. 23, 24.
- ^ Dimitrijevic 1997, p. 24.
- ^ a b Ott 21
- ^ Ott 21–22
- ^ JSTOR 30182459.
- ^ JSTOR 27552386.
- ^ Williams, Kenneth (2019). The US Air Force in Southeast Asia and the Vietnam War A Narrative Chronology Volume I: The Early Years through 1959 (PDF). Air Force History and Museums Program. p. 59. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ USARSUPTHAI Association, History, (http://usarsupthai.webs.com/jusmagthaihistory.htm Archived 2014-01-25 at the Wayback Machine), accessed 16 Dec 2013; U. S. Embassy to the Kingdom of Thailand, About us > U. S. Agencies > Joint US Military Advisory Group Thailand (JUSMAGTHAI), (http://bangkok.usembassy.gov/embassy/usgmain/joint-us-military-advisory-group-thailand-jusmagthai.html Archived 2013-10-25 at the Wayback Machine) accessed 16 Dec 2013
- ^ Conboy, Morrison, pp. 17–18.
- ^ Full text of the original 1955 treaty: http://untreaty.un.org/unts/1_60000/7/36/00013751.pdf
- ^ "Records of Interservice Agencies". 2016-08-15. Archived from the original on 2017-10-22. Retrieved 2017-09-05.
- ^ a b "Selected Aspects of U.S. Military Assistance," Historical Division, Joint Secretariat, Joint Chiefs of Staff, 13 December 1961 Classified Top Secret. Declassified 1993. Extracts reproduced via http://ustdc.blogspot.co.nz/2010/09/history-of-us-military-assistance-to.html Archived 2018-05-16 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Braitsch, Fred G. (February 1953). "Marines of Free China". Leatherneck Magazine. Washington, DC: Headquarters Marine Corps. Retrieved April 6, 2024.
- CIA. 8 September 1954. pp. 15, 17–18. Retrieved 11 August 2019.
C. Disposition of Communist Troops and Weapons Chinese Nationalist sources report that fourteen 120 and 155mm Communist guns have been active from Tateng and Amoy Islands, and claim to have destroyed five of these in air attacks since 6 September.{...}B. The 3 September Bombardment On 3 September Communist artillery, located near Amoy and on the Tateng Islands, shelled the northern and western sides of Big Quemoy, saturated Little Quemoy, and hit at Nationalist naval vessels at anchor along the west coast of Big Quemoy and between the Quemoys and Tatan Islands. Six thousand rounds of 120mm and 155mm artillery were poured in during a five-hour barrage. The shelling was unexpectedly accurate and later reports say that the Communist pinpointing was due to Communist agents on Quemoy who directed the Communist shelling. Two Americans of the US Military Assistance Advisory Group were killed in the shelling; Nationalist personnel losses have not been revealed.
- ^ "Kinmen unveils monument in honor of US officer". Taipei Times. 8 December 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2019.
The Kinmen Defense Command (KDC) unveiled a cenotaph on Tuesday to commemorate the late Lieutenant Colonel Frank Lynn of the US, who died in a Chinese artillery bombardment on Sept. 3, 1954, on Kinmen.{...}It was placed next to the cenotaph of Lieutenant Colonel Alfred Medendorp, which was installed at the wharf in August 1992. Medendorp was killed in the same bombing.
- ^ 孟登道中校. Veterans Affairs Council (in Chinese (Taiwan) and English).
In Commemoration ALFRED MEDENDORP (1907-54) Lieutenant Colonel, Army of the United States U. S. Army Military Assistance Group first U. S. soldier killed in action at this location during hostile artillery bombardment 3 September 1954 Colonel Medendorp, a National Guard officer from the State of Michigan, volunteered to help defend freedom After distinguished combat service in WWII. Awarded the Republic of China Order of the Cloud and Banner November, 1954 Dedicated. 1992 Republic of China in coordination with National Guard Association of the United States
- ^ Information furnished by BG Bork, USA Retired, to the Atlanta Taiwan Economic and Cultural Office (TECO) in November 2001.
- ^ CINCPAC Command History 1967 Archived 2018-05-16 at the Wayback Machine, page 30/1026
- ^ Operations Coordinating Board memo, "Report on Taiwan and the Government of the Republic of China (NSC 5723)," April 20, 1959, NatArch, Defense Dept. file 1959, box MNR2.
- ^ "U.S. NAVY CAPTAIN IS SHOT DEAD BY TWO MEN IN AN ATHENS SUBURB". The New York Times. Retrieved 2023-10-31.
References
- Conboy, Kenneth and James Morrison (1995), Shadow War: The CIA's Secret War in Laos. Paladin Press. ISBN 0-87364-825-0.
- Curtis, Glenn E., ed. (1992). Yugoslavia : a country study. Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress.
- Dimitrijevic, Bojan (1997). "The mutual defense aid program in Tito's Yugoslavia, 1951–1958, and its technical impact". .
- Fleck, Dieter; Addy, Stuart (2001). Handbook of the Law of Visiting Forces. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-826894-9.
- Ott, Major General David Ewing (1975). Field Artillery, 1954–1973. Vietnam Studies. United States Army Center of Military History. Retrieved May 17, 2022.
Further reading
- Bryan Gibby, "American Advisors to the Republic of Korea: America’s First Commitment in the Cold War, 1946–1950", pp. 81–110, in Stoker, Donald (2008). Military Advising and Assistance: From Mercenaries to Privatization, 1815–2007. Routledge. ISBN 9780415582988.
External links
- The short film Big Picture: Assignment Iran is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive.