Narcyza Żmichowska

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Narcyza Żmichowska
Born(1819-03-04)4 March 1819
Warsaw, Congress Poland
Died24 December 1876(1876-12-24) (aged 57)
Warsaw, Congress Poland
Pen nameGabryella
OccupationGoverness
LanguagePolish
NationalityPolish
GenreFeminist novelist and poet
Literary movementModernism
Notable worksThe Heathen

Narcyza Żmichowska pronounced [narˈt͡sɨza ʐmʲiˈxɔfska] ⓘ (Warsaw, 4 March 1819 – 24 December 1876, Warsaw), also known under her popular pen name Gabryella, was a Polish novelist and poet. She is considered a precursor of feminism in Poland.

Life

Żmichowska became

French Academy ever.[1][2][3]

Narcyza Żmichowska by Władysław Radzikowski, bust at the Historical Museum of Kraków, 1880s

Her stay in France completely changed Żmichowska. She began to publicly express her radicalized views about women; dubbed by her bourgeois surroundings as "an excentric". She smoked cigars, which was prohibited to women. Her perfect knowledge of French enabled Narcyza to find new employment easily upon her return to occupied Poland. She became governess to four children of Stanisław Kisielecki at an estate near Łomża.

She travelled to

Suffragettes in Warsaw active in 1842–1849, who also took part in anti-Tsarist activities.[1][2][3] She was arrested by the Russians in Lublin and sentenced to three years in prison in 1849 for her membership in the delegalized Związek Narodu Polskiego (pl).[4]

Żmichowska's first novel published in 1846 was Poganka (The Heathen), in which she is known to have expressed interest in her friend Paulina Zbyszewska. The book was published by

Wrocław University in 1960. There, she also expressed interest in a married man, Edward Dembowski, which led to a known scandal. Her correspondence with Bibianna Moraczewska (an unmarried woman by choice like Narcyza) spanning 32 years consisted mostly of intellectual discourses.[1]

Works

See also

References

  1. ^
    Lublin University
    .
  2. ^
    ISBN 978-83-08-03496-5
    Onet.pl book review.
  3. ^ a b A. Gruszczyńska, Ślady ruchu lesbijskiego. University of Wrocław.
  4. ^ "Żmichowska Narcyza". Internetowa encyklopedia PWN. Archived from the original on October 25, 2014. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
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