National Theatre (Prague)
Národní divadlo | |
Address | Národní 223/2 |
---|---|
Location | Prague, Czech Republic |
Coordinates | 50°4′52″N 14°24′48″E / 50.08111°N 14.41333°E |
Owner | Ministry of Culture |
Capacity | 986 |
Construction | |
Opened | 11 June 1881 |
Reopened | 18 November 1883 |
Rebuilt | 1977–1983 |
Architect | Jakub Klusák, Jan Muchna |
Website | |
www |
The National Theatre (
The National Theatre belongs to the most important Czech cultural institutions, with a rich artistic tradition, which helped to preserve and develop the most important features of the nation–the Czech language and a sense for a Czech musical and dramatic way of thinking.
Today the National Theatre consists of three artistic ensembles: opera, ballet and drama. They alternate in their performances in the historic building of the National Theatre, in the State Opera, in the Estates Theatre and in the Kolowrat Theatre. All three artistic ensembles select their repertoire both from classical heritage, and modern authors.
Initial design and construction, 1844 to 1881
The cornerstone of the National Theatre was laid on 16 May 1868, but the idea of building a theatre dates back to the autumn of 1844 at the gatherings of patriots in Prague. An application was submitted by František Palacký to the Provincial Committee of the Bohemian Assembly on 29 January 1845, requesting "the privilege of constructing, furnishing, maintaining and managing" of an independent Czech theatre. The application was granted in April 1845, but it was not until six years later – in April 1851 – that the founding Society for the Establishment of a Czech National Theatre in Prague made the first public appeal to start a collection. A year later the proceeds went toward the purchase of land belonging to a former salt works covering an area of not quite 28 acres (11 ha) which determined the magnificent site of the theatre on the banks of the river Vltava facing the panorama of Prague Castle, but at the same time the cramped area and trapezium shape posed challenging problems for the designers of the building.[1]
The
Simultaneously with the realization of this minimal programme asserted by F.L. Rieger and the Provincial Committee, the young progressive advocates of the original ambitious concept of the building (Sladkovský, Tyrš, Neruda, Hálek) launched an offensive. In 1865 these men attained leading positions in the Society and requested the 33-year-old professor of civil engineering at the Prague Technical College, architect Josef Zítek, to draft a design for the National Theatre. He then came out on top in a later-declared open competition, and in 1867 construction work began.
On 16 May 1868, the foundation stone was laid, and in November the foundations were completed. In 1875, the new building reached its full height and in 1877 the theatre was roofed over. As of 1873 there was an ongoing competition for the interior decoration of the building, the scenario of which had been elaborated by a special commission under the leadership of Sladkovský.
The theatre includes a triga (a three-horse chariot) and 10 exterior allegorical sculptures by Bohuslav Schnirch, 10 more exterior pieces by Antonín Pavel Wagner, the stone pieces by Max Verich and an interior sculpted pediment group over the proscenium arch by Schnirch.
Grand opening
The National Theatre was opened for the first time on 11 June 1881, to honour the visit of
The fire was seen as a national catastrophe and was met with a mighty wave of determination to take up a new collection: Within 47 days a million
Reconstruction and reopening, 1883 to 1977
The interior artwork was done by Mikoláš Aleš and František Ženíšek. The building of the National Theatre was inaugurated on 18 November 1883. The building, with perfect technical equipment (electric illumination, a steel-constructed stage), served without any extensive modifications for almost one hundred years. It was only on 1 April 1977, following a performance of the Lantern by Jirásek, that the theatre was closed down for six years.[7]
Additional reconstruction, 1977 to 1983 and after
Architect Zdeněk Vávra was appointed to take charge of the overall reconstruction work. This extensive project was combined with the completion of work on the entire setting of the theatre. The work was completed to meet an important deadline, which was the date of the 100th anniversary of the opening of the National Theatre: 18 November 1983. On that day the theatre was handed over to the public again with a performance of Smetana’s Libuše.[8]
The historic building, noted for its beautiful architecture, also includes an annex of modern design which contains offices and the main box office. Today it functions as the main stage of the three artistic ensembles of the National Theatre: drama, opera and ballet.
In 1989 the general director of the National Theatre, composer Jiří Pauer was dismissed from his post because of his support for the policies of the former Communist Czechoslovak government. Pauer locked all staff out of the National and Smetana theatres on 17 November 1989 to prevent members of the opera, ballet and drama companies from staging protest performances. After a three-week strike Pauer was replaced by Ivo Žídek.[9]
Management
At first the National Theatre was supported by a private guild of individuals with a director managing its affairs on behalf of the guild. Lack of subsidy caused some financial and artistic difficulties, but without long-term damage to the growth or status of the institution.[10] In 1900 the contract for the guild which had steered the theatre through its early years was not renewed by the regional government, and as a result of growing dissatisfaction with the artistic levels, the National Theatre transferred its management to a new National Theatre Company. In addition, most of the people associated with the guild were considered to be conservative in outlook, while the new Company were liberals, receptive to fresh ideas.
The composer
The National Theatre is overseen by the director, and the advisory body of the Council of the National Theatre. The advisory board has 11 to 13 members, who are appointed and dismissed by the director. Current members of the council include: JUDr. Pavel Smutný, Prof. Dr. Dadja Altenburg Pešta Kohl, Ing. Petr Dvořák, Ing. Jiří Maceška, JUDr. Vlasta Formánková, Ing. Bohdan Wojnar, Prof. Ing. Jiří Drahoš, DrSc., dr.h.c., Pavel Kohout, Ing. Oldřich Černoch CSc. and Ing. Peter Palečka.[11]
In 2019 the National Theatre and State Opera in Prague were the place of protests and disruption by artists and staff, including an open letter complaining at the 'non-transparent' appointment of Per Boye Hansen as Artistic Director.[12]
Komerční banka Award
On 4 May 2005, Komerční banka signed an agreement with the National Theatre in Prague to annually honor the most prominent acts performed at the Czech National Theatre in overall three categories – ballet, drama and opera. The recipients of the KOBANADI Award (KOBANADI = KOmerční BAnka + NArodní DIvadlo) receive a statuette designed by the academic Jaroslav Róna, 100,000 Czech koruna (approx. €4,000 as of March 2011). The first ceremony was held on 26 October 2006 at the stage of the National Theatre.[13]
See also
References
- ^ Šemberová, Kristina (6 April 2015). "Národní divadlo je klenot. Peníze na opravu daroval císař i ruský car". iDNES.cz (in Czech). Retrieved 24 November 2016.
- Grove Music Online.
- ^ "Prozatímní divadlo bylo otevřeno před 150 lety". ceskatelevize.cz (in Czech). 20 November 2012. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
- ^ "History of The National Theatre - Art of the National Theatre Generation". narodnidivadlo.cz. 24 November 2016. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
- ISBN 0-520-23299-2.
- ^ "Do Národního divadla v Praze na Libuši a Prodanou nevěstu". iDNES.cz (in Czech). 2 June 2015. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
- ^ "Restaurátoři opravili Alšovy a Ženíškovy lunety v Národním". Lidovky.cz (in Czech). 26 June 2013. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
- ^ Strašíková, Lucie (18 November 2008). "Smetanova Libuše otevírala Národní divadlo i v roce 1983". ceskatelevize.cz (in Czech). Retrieved 24 November 2016.
- ^ News item in Opera, March 1990, p291.
- ^ a b c Eckstein, Pavel. Prague's National Opera. Opera, August 1964, Vol 15 No 8, p517-524.
- ^ "Council of the National Theatre". National Theatre. Retrieved 18 March 2017.
- ^ Newsdesk. Opera, July 2019, Vol.70 No.7, p819-820.
- ^ 'Cena Komerční banky' (in Czech) Retrieved 30 March 2011 Archived 6 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine