ORMO

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Ochotnicza Rezerwa Milicji Obywatelskiej
(Volunteer Reserve of the Citizens' Militia)
ZOMO
TypeParamilitary police reserve
RolePolitical coercion
SizeMax. 450,000 members
Nickname(s)ORMO

ORMO (

collapse of the communist bloc in Central and Eastern Europe.[2]

In its heyday, ORMO had approximately 400,000–450,000 people in its reserves (at one time numbered as many as 600,000 civilian volunteers),

Democratic Party (SD) and other non-party opportunists ready for street action. ORMO was often involved in staging and performing unlawful arrests and street beatings of peaceful protesters (including women and journalists),[4][5][6] such as during the public demonstrations organized by Solidarity aimed at removing the communist government of Poland.[5][7]

Early history

The Ochotnicza Rezerwa Milicji Obywatelskiej, ORMO, was created on 21 February 1946,

Polish anti-communist insurgency.[8] The new units were considerably small, made up of 30–300 men armed with rifles and submachine guns.[9]

ORMO played a major role in the rigging of the first ever vote in postwar Poland, known as the

Polish legislative elections of 1947, when they drove opposition candidates out of towns by using intimidation and violence. In total, almost 100,000 functionaries across the country were deployed in order to secure the communist landslide victory in that year.[9]

After 1947, the activities of ORMO became more general, shifting from specific political persecution of the regime's opponents, to the public at large. ORMO infiltrated factories and conducted round-ups among shop owners. They confiscated grain and meat from independent farmers, and took part in arresting them as the "enemies of the state", along with regular police. ORMO informants were placed everywhere within the nationalized industry.[9]

Inconspicuous button of the ORMO member to be worn on a front pocket or lapel (later years)

Post-Stalinist period

With time, as the political situation in Poland stabilized, postwar submachine guns were replaced with concealed weapons. ORMO men did not receive monthly salaries, but were showered with regular monetary bonuses and state privileges. They were given new apartments, vouchers for cars, exclusive vacations and access to police health clinics, as well as better job placements. They were thoroughly indoctrinated and feared by the general population.[5]

The next widely known operation by the ORMO took place during the

Polish 1970 protests) prompted the Ministry to begin massive expansion of its rank and file. By 1979, ORMO reached over 450,000 members.[9]

ORMO-member's helmet from the duration of martial law in Poland

The nascent

ZOMO, and SB MSW. Attempts at restructuring ORMO as the Party's own self-defence force (carried out by Kiszczak) failed miserably.[13] In the following years many regional cells were closed down due to a lack of volunteers. Finally, in 1989 ORMO was officially dissolved by the Sejm.[12]

See also

Similar formations:

Notes and references

  1. ^ "Postępowanie członków ORMO wykonujących zadania społeczne w ochronie porządku publicznego". Instrukcja (in Polish). Polska Ludowa.com. Archived from the original on 14 August 2008. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
  2. ^ Popularna Encyklopedia Powszechna Wydawnictwa Fogra (1996–2012). "ORMO". Historia współczesna (in Polish). Encyklopedia WIEM. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
  3. ^ "Militia Forces". lcweb2.loc.gov. Archived from the original on 9 January 2009.
  4. ^ "IPN bada grupę ORMO prowokującą zamieszki". Prasa. INTERIA.PL / PAP. 27 December 2009. Archived from the original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
  5. ^ a b c Piotr Osęka (20 February 2011). "Jak ORMO czuwało". (ibidem, page 2). Polityka.pl. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
  6. ^ a b "March '68". Exhibition. Institute of National Remembrance. pp. 1–2. Introduction, followed by scans of articles. Archived from the original on 31 January 2018. Retrieved 2 June 2012. The Voluntary Reserves of the Citizens' Militia (armed with cable and truncheons) beating the students, were met with shouts of "Gestapo!", "Gestapo!"
  7. ^ "IPN bierze się za grupę prowokatorów z ORMO". Am/PAP. 27 December 2009. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2012. From the Polish original: According to Institute of National Remembrance, ORMO resorted to brutal use of force against participants of street demonstrations numerous times.
  8. ^ a b c Piotr Dmitrowicz (21 February 2011). "ORMO czuwa" (in Polish). Polskie Radio S.A. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
  9. ^ a b c d e f Piotr Osęka (20 February 2011). "Jak ORMO czuwało". Historia. Polityka.pl. Archived from the original on 11 March 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
  10. ^ PAP / Stanisław Dąbrowiecki (November 1946). "Ćwiczenia warszawskiej Ochotniczej Rezerwy Milicji Obywatelskiej (ORMO)". Serwis fotograficzny XX wieku. Fotohistoria.pl. Archived from the original (Photo exhibit) on 16 April 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
  11. ^ Andrzej Friszke, "The March 1968 Protest Movement in Light of Ministry of Interior Reports to the Party Leadership," Intermarium, Volume 1, Number 1, 1997; translated from Polish by Dawid Walendowski. Original published in Więź (March 1994). Quote: "The experience of being detained, arrested, questioned, and even beaten, was an important event in the lives of most of the 2,725 and others..."
  12. ^ a b Ziemowit Karłowicz, red. Monika Śliwińska. "ORMO (Ochotnicza Rezerwa Milicji Obywatelskiej)". Leksykon: Solidarność (in Polish). Ośrodek "Brama Grodzka", TeatrNN.pl. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
  13. ^ "Militia Forces". Poland. Country-data.com. October 1992. Archived from the original on 30 May 2012. Retrieved 31 May 2012.

External links

Media related to Ochotnicza Rezerwa Milicji Obywatelskiej at Wikimedia Commons

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