Ontology language

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In

• Common Logic - and its dialects
• CycL
• DOGMA (Developing Ontology-Grounded Methods and Applications)
• F-Logic
  (Frame Logic)
• FO-dot
  (First-order logic extended with types, arithmetic, aggregates and inductive definitions)
• KIF (Knowledge Interchange Format)
  • Ontolingua based on KIF
• KL-ONE
• KM programming language
• LOOM (ontology)
• OCML (Operational Conceptual Modelling Language)
• OKBC (Open Knowledge Base Connectivity
  )
• PLIB (Parts LIBrary)
• RACER

Markup ontology languages

These languages use a markup scheme to encode knowledge, most commonly with XML.

• DAML+OIL
• Ontology Inference Layer (OIL)
• Web Ontology Language (OWL)
• Resource Description Framework (RDF)
• RDF Schema (RDFS)
• SHOE

Controlled natural languages

• Attempto Controlled English^[1]

Open vocabulary natural languages

• Executable English^[2]

Classification by structure (logic type)

Frame-based

Three languages are completely or partially

• F-Logic
• OKBC
• KM

Description logic-based

• KL-ONE
• RACER
• OWL
  .

Gellish is an example of a combined ontology language and ontology that is description logic based. It distinguishes between the semantic differences among others of:

• relation types for relations between concepts (classes)
• relation types for relations between individuals
• relation types for relations between individuals and classes

It also contains constructs to express queries and communicative intent.

First-order logic-based

Several ontology languages support expressions in first-order logic and allow general predicates.

• Common Logic
• CycL
• FO-dot
  (First-order logic extended with types, arithmetic, aggregates and inductive definitions)
• KIF

See also

• Domain theory
• Formal concept analysis
• Galois connection
• Lattice (order)
• Modeling language
• OntoUML

Notes

References

• Oscar Corcho, Asuncion Gomez-Perez, A Roadmap to Ontology Specification Languages (2000)
• Introduction to Description Logics – DL course by Enrico Franconi, Faculty of Computer Science, Free University of Bolzano, Italy