Operation Agatha
Operation Agatha | |
---|---|
Part of the Zionist underground members | |
Date | Saturday, June 29, 1946 |
Outcome | Success |
Operation Agatha (Saturday, June 29, 1946), sometimes called Black Sabbath (
Background
On June 16, 1946, the "Night of the Bridges" had the Palmach blow up eight road and rail bridges linking Palestine to neighbouring countries. On June 17, the Lehi attacked railway workshops in Haifa. Shortly afterwards, the Irgun kidnapped six British officers. One officer subsequently escaped, and two were released. The Irgun announced that the remaining officers would be released only in exchange for the commutation of death sentences for two Irgun members.[3]
The British Army had for months wanted to take military action against the Zionist underground organizations, but it had been blocked by High Commissioner Alan Cunningham, who was also particularly opposed to military action being taken against the Jewish Agency. Cunningham changed his mind after the "Night of the Bridges" and flew to London to meet the British Cabinet and army chief Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery in London. Montgomery formulated the plan for Operation Agatha. With reluctance, Cunningham accepted it in the hope that with the more militant Zionists restrained, the way would be open to reaching a political settlement with the more moderate and pro-British leaders such as Chaim Weizmann. During the operation, a radio broadcast had Cunningham say, "[The arrests] are not directed against the Jewish community as a whole but solely against those few who are taking an active part in the present campaign of violence and those who are responsible for instigating and directing it..."[2]
The Chief of the Secretariat, Sir John Shaw, outlined the official objective of the operation at a press conference in Jerusalem: "Large-scale operations have been authorized to end the state of anarchy existing in Palestine and to enable law-abiding citizens to pursue their normal occupations without fear of kidnapping, murder, or being blown up". Shaw believed that the British should end the existing situation by partitioning Palestine into Jewish and Arab states and then leaving or by dismantling the Jewish Agency, which claimed administrative authority but secretly supported acts by the underground Zionist military organizations and governed without the authority. Thus, Shaw approved of the operation.[2]
Several other objectives underlay the official one such as to obtain documentary proof of the
Operation
On June 29, Operation Agatha began; it lasted until July 1. Curfews were imposed throughout Palestine, low-flying planes circled Jerusalem, roadblocks were put up, trains were flagged down and passengers were evacuated and escorted home. Special licenses were required for the operations of emergency vehicles. British troops and police raided the Jewish Agency headquarters in Jerusalem, the Jewish Agency office in Tel Aviv and other Jewish institutions such as the Women's International Zionist Organization and the Histadrut. A total of 27 Jewish settlements in Palestine were searched, and the residents of these settlements sometimes put up fierce resistance. Four Jews were killed resisting British searches. Mass arrests of Jewish leaders and Haganah members were carried out. A total of 2,718 people were arrested, including four members of the Jewish Agency Executive, seven Haganah officers, and nearly half of the Palmach's fighting force. However, a Haganah intelligence warning allowed most Haganah commanders to evade arrest, including David Ben-Gurion, as he was in Paris at the time.[4]
Searches of Jewish settlements uncovered 15 arms caches, including one of the Haganah's three central arsenals at Kibbutz Yagur, where 325 rifles, 425,000 bullets, 96 2-inch mortars, 5,200 mortar shells, 5,000 grenades and 78 revolvers were confiscated. The arms were displayed at a press conference, and all of the men of Yagur were arrested.[5][6]
The searches were resisted by large swathes of the Jewish population, many of whom were Holocaust survivors. Roadblocks were constructed and British troops were attacked while conducting searches. Some Jews conducted lie-ins to prevent the movement of military trucks, and others publicly displayed their concentration camp tattoos to the British in order to try to elicit their sympathy. A few British soldiers exacerbated the tense atmosphere by shouting "Heil Hitler" and scrawling swastikas on walls while they conducted searches.[7]
Aftermath
After Agatha ended, the kidnapped British officers were released, and High Commissioner Alan Cunningham commuted the Irgun members' death sentences to life imprisonment.
The Haganah and Palmach were dissuaded from continued anti-British operations.
Specifically, the Irgun retaliated for Operation Agatha by bombing the south wing of the King David Hotel, which was the headquarters of the British government in Palestine. One reason for bombing the south wing was that it was presumed to be the place to which the British had taken the documents from the Jewish Agency.
References
- ^ "Some Military Operations - British Forces in Palestine". www.britishforcesinpalestine.org. Retrieved 2017-03-30.
- ^ a b c d Clarke, Thurston, By Blood and Fire, Putnam, 1981, Ch.6.
- ^ The Role of Jewish Defense Organizations in Palestine
- ^ "Revealed: Syrian Prime Minister Was a Double Agent Who Gave Crucial Intel to Zionist Leaders". Haaretz. 13 November 2020.
- ^ "Etzel.org". Archived from the original on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2006-12-26.
- ISBN 978-1-4481-6333-5.
- ^ Clarke, ibid., pp.68-69.
- ISBN 978-0-230-30038-5.
- Royal Institute of International Affairs1944), Vol. 24, No. 4 Oct. 1948, pp. 485.
- ^ Jewish Virtual Library
External links
- Operation Agatha Archived 2011-09-27 at the Wayback Machine
- Official British H.Q. Report on the Operation, ParaData website, Trustees of the Airborne Forces Museum, Duxford
- Jewish Agency for Israel