Operation Black Tulip
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Operation Black Tulip was a plan proposed in 1945, just after the end of World War II, by the Dutch minister of Justice Hans Kolfschoten to forcibly deport all Germans from the Netherlands. The operation lasted from 1946 to 1948 and in total 3,691 Germans (15% of the German residents in the Netherlands) were deported.
Background
After
Timeline
The operation started on 11 September 1946 in Amsterdam, where Germans and their families were taken from their homes in the middle of the night and given one hour to collect fifty kilograms of luggage. They were allowed to take one hundred guilders. The rest of their possessions went to the state. They were taken to internment camps near the German border, the biggest of which was Mariënbosch concentration camp near Nijmegen.[1]
The operation ended in 1948, and when the state of war with Germany officially ended on 26 July 1951 the Germans were no longer regarded as state enemies.
Scholarship and media coverage
After the plan was ended, little attention was devoted to it by historians and the media. A 2005 episode of the Dutch TV show Andere Tijden focused on the events, and in 2013 journalist Ad van Liempt, who had worked on the Andere Tijden documentary, published on it in his study of the postwar years Na de bevrijding: de loodzware jaren 1945-1950.[2]
See also
- Bakker-Schut Plan
- Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)
Notes
- ^ 1981)
- ^ de Lange, Ton (6 June 1945). "Tegen alles wat Duits was". Noordhollands Dagblad (in Dutch).
Literature
- Bogaarts, Melchior D. (1995), "Weg met de moffen", Parlementaire geschiedenis van Nederland na 1945 (in Dutch), vol. D (2 ed.), Nijmegen, ISBN 90-71478-37-8).
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - Bogaarts, M. D. (1981), "'Weg met de Moffen' – De uitwijzing van Duitse ongewenste vreemdelingen uit Nederland na 1945", Bijdragen en Mededelingen betreffende de Geschiedenis der Nederlanden(in Dutch), 96 (2), Royal Dutch Historical Society: 334–351
External links
- (in Dutch) Black Tulip documentary