Osteophyte

Osteophytes are exostoses (bony projections) that form along joint margins.^[1] They should not be confused with enthesophytes, which are bony projections that form at the attachment of a tendon or ligament.^[2] Osteophytes are not always distinguished from exostoses in any definite way, although in many cases there are a number of differences.^[3] Osteophytes are typically intra-articular (within the joint capsule).^[4]

Cause

A range of bone-formation processes are associated with aging, degeneration, mechanical instability, and disease (such as diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis). Osteophyte formation has classically been related to sequential and consequential changes in such processes. Often osteophytes form in osteoarthritic joints as a result of damage and wear from inflammation. Calcification and new bone formation can also occur in response to mechanical damage in joints.^[5]

Pathophysiology

Osteophytes form because of the increase in a damaged joint's surface area. This is most common from the onset of arthritis. Osteophytes usually limit joint movement and typically cause pain.^[6]

Osteophytes form naturally on the back of the