Paleontology in Oklahoma

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state of Oklahoma

Paleontology in Oklahoma refers to

paleontological research occurring within or conducted by people from the U.S. state of Oklahoma
. Oklahoma has a rich
state fossil
.

Prehistory

"Prehistory of Oklahoma" redirects here. For human prehistory of Oklahoma, see History of Oklahoma § Precontact Oklahoma.
Calymene.

Paleozoic

No

bryozoans, echinoderms, conodonts, and ostracods.[10][11][12][13][14][15] Abundant remains are fossilized at Rock Crossing in the Criner Hills of southern Oklahoma. One common Oklahoman graptolite was Climacograptus.[16] High quality specimens of the trilobite Isotelus were preserved southwest of Ardmore.[17] During the Silurian, Oklahoma was home to brachiopods, bryozoans, the trilobite Calymene, echinoderms, and sponges, all of which are preserved south of Lawrence Creek.[18][19][20] Oklahoma was home to an extremely diverse Devonian fauna in the Lawrence and White Mound areas.[21][22]

During the

pelecypods.[2] Vertebrates included various fishes,[32][33][34] and the early tetrapods[35][36] likely responsible for the trackways. Occasionally during this period, sea levels would rise and cover the state again.[3]

This sea gradually retreated from the state before the end of the Paleozoic era. Oklahoma preserves one of the richest fossil records of non-marine vertebrates from the Permian of North America

foraminiferan Pseudoschwagerina was preserved in the Pawnee area.[73] Many of these tetrapods likely produced a variety of trackways also known from the early Permian of Oklahoma.[74][75] There is also an extensive record of invertebrates, such as beetles and millipedes, as well as brachiopods and foraminifers.[76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86]

It remains controversial whether there are any middle Permian tetrapods known from Oklahoma, which would represent perhaps the only such record from this time period in all of North America and perhaps the entire globe; if tetrapod records from the Chickasha Formation and the Flowerpot Formation in Blaine, Canadian, Grady, and Kingfisher Counties[87][88] and their equivalents in Texas (the San Angelo Formation) are not considered to be middle Permian in age, there would be a hiatus in the fossil record, which is termed 'Olson's Gap,',[89][90][91][92][93][94][95] although records from other geographic regions may fill this gap regardless of whether it existed in North America.[96][97]

Mesozoic

Oklahoma was a terrestrial environment for most of the ensuing

oysters like Exogyra and Ostraea.[73] However, there are also records of many terrestrial vertebrates, particularly from the Antlers and Cloverly Formations, including fish, amphibians, reptiles, crocodiles, dinosaurs, and mammals.[104][105][106][101][107][108][109][110]

Painting of a family of mammoths walking
1909 restoration of a herd of Columbian mammoths by Charles R. Knight.

Cenozoic

As the

proboscidean fossils are teeth and tusks, often preserved in gravel pits, but complete skeletons are also known.[73] Other mammals found in Pleistocene Oklahoma included Glyptotherium, a large, heavily armored mammal related to the armadillo.[112]

History

Indigenous interpretations

The

capillary effect that could be used to dry infected wounds and sores. Mammoth bone used for this purpose was known as medicinebone or madstone.[115]

Scientific research

In 1931, University of Oklahoma geologist J. Willis Stovall received word that a road crew grading for the construction of U.S. Route 64 uncovered a rich deposit of fossils east of Kenton.[116] Stovall examined the site and was impressed by the fossils uncovered by the workers.[117] He organized an expedition to the region. By 1935, Stovall assembled a team consisting of students and a handful of Works Progress Administration workers. He placed a local named Crompton Tate in charge of the team. Stovall's team excavated the site for nearly three years, in the process digging through almost 100 metric tons of rock and sediment to extract the remains preserved there. The site was called Quarry 1, the first of seventeen quarries that the expedition would start in the region. The excavation uncovered the bones from many kinds of dinosaurs.[118] Finds of previously documented species included both sizable and hatchling Apatosaurus, hatchling Camarasaurus, several Camptosaurus of different age groups, and Stegosaurus fossils.[119] The new theropoda species that would come to be known as Saurophaganax was also discovered there.[118]

By December 1939, excavation had commenced on the Stovall team's fifth quarry. The most significant remains uncovered there are referable to the large sauropod

Saurophaganax maximus.[121] More recently, in 2004, Matt Bonnan and Matt Wedel noticed the presence of at least one Brachiosaurus bone among the fossils excavated by the Stovall Crew at Quarry 1.[118]

Natural history museums

See also

Footnotes

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  2. ^ a b c Murray (1974); "Oklahoma", page 235.
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  9. ^ Pojeta, John; Derby, James R. "Dycheia Shergoldi, a New Genus and Species of Late Cambrian Multivalved Mollusc from Oklahoma, U.S.A." Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists (34): 489–497.
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  22. ^ Becker, R. Thomas; Mapes, Royal H. (2010-06-10). "Uppermost Devonian ammonoids from Oklahoma and their palaeobiogeographic significance". Acta Geologica Polonica. 60: 139–163.
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  37. ^ Olson, Everett C. (1962). "Vertebrates from the Flowerpot Formation, Permian of Oklahoma". Oklahoma Geological Survey Circular. 59: 5–48.
  38. ^ Olson, Everett C. (1970-04-17). "New and little known genera and species of vertebrates from the Lower Permian of Oklahoma". Fieldiana: Geology. 18: 359–434.
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  90. ^ Lozovsky, Vladlen R. (2005). "Olson's gap or Olson's bridge, that is the question". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 30: 179–184.
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  99. ^ Lockley, Martin G. (1993). "A new Late Triassic tracksite from the Sheep Pen Sandstone, Sloan Canyon, Cimarron Valley, New Mexico". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 3: 285–288.
  100. ^ Lockley and Hunt (1999); "The Eastern Region of the Chinle", pages 91-93.
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  108. ^ Cifelli, Richard L.; Gardner, James D.; Nydam, Randall L.; Brinkman, Daniel L. (1997). "Additions to the vertebrate fauna of the Antlers Formation (Lower Cretaceous), southeastern Oklahoma". Oklahoma Geology Notes. 57: 124–131 – via ResearchGate.
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  112. ^ "Glyptotherium Osborn 1903 (placental)". Fossilworks. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
  113. ^ Mayor (2005); "Comanche Fossil Medicine in Oklahoma", page 195.
  114. ^ Mayor (2005); "Comanche Fossil Medicine in Oklahoma", pages 195-196.
  115. ^ Mayor (2005); "Comanche Fossil Medicine in Oklahoma", page 196.
  116. ^ Foster (2007); "Unit 3: The Oklahoma Panhandle", page 95.
  117. ^ Foster (2007); "Unit 3: The Oklahoma Panhandle", pages 95-96.
  118. ^ a b c Foster (2007); "Unit 3: The Oklahoma Panhandle", page 96.
  119. ^ Foster (2007); "Unit 3: The Oklahoma Panhandle", pages 96-97.
  120. ^ a b c Foster (2007); "Unit 3: The Oklahoma Panhandle", page 97.
  121. ^ Foster (2007); "Saurophaganax maximus", page 176.

References

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External links

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