Palmitoylcarnitine

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Palmitoylcarnitine
Names
IUPAC name
3-(palmitoyloxy)-4-(trimethylammonio)butanoate
Identifiers
3D model (
JSmol
)
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
MeSH Palmitoylcarnitine
UNII
  • InChI=1S/C23H45NO4/c1-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-23(27)28-21(19-22(25)26)20-24(2,3)4/h21H,5-20H2,1-4H3 checkY
    Key: XOMRRQXKHMYMOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
  • InChI=1/C23H45NO4/c1-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-23(27)28-21(19-22(25)26)20-24(2,3)4/h21H,5-20H2,1-4H3
    Key: XOMRRQXKHMYMOC-UHFFFAOYAU
  • [O-]C(=O)CC(OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)C[N+](C)(C)C
Properties
C23H45NO4
Molar mass 399.608 g/mol
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Palmitoylcarnitine is an

fatty acids. During the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), fatty acids undergo a process known as β-oxidation to produce energy in the form of ATP. β-oxidation occurs primarily within mitochondria, however the mitochondrial membrane prevents the entry of long chain fatty acids (>C10), so the conversion of fatty acids such as palmitic acid is key.[1] Palmitic acid is brought to the cell and once inside the cytoplasm is first converted to Palmitoyl-CoA. Palmitoyl-CoA has the ability to freely pass the outer mitochondrial membrane, but the inner membrane is impermeable to the Acyl-CoA and thioester forms of various long-chain fatty acids such as palmitic acid. The palmitoyl-CoA is then enzymatically transformed into palmitoylcarnitine via the Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase family. The palmitoylcarnitine is then actively transferred into the inner membrane of the mitochondria via the carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase.[2]
Once inside the inner mitochondrial membrane, the same Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase family is then responsible for transforming the palmitoylcarnitine back to the palmitoyl-CoA form.

Structure

Palmitic acid consists of a 16-carbon chain starting from a carboxylic acid
Chemical Structure of Palmitic Acid

Palmitoylcarnitine contains the saturated fatty acid known as palmitic acid (C16:0) which is bound to the β-hydroxy group of the carnitine. The core carnitine structure, consisting of butanoate with a quaternary ammonium attached to C4 and hydroxy group at C3, is a common molecular backbone for the transfer of multiple long chain fatty acids in the TCA cycle.

Function

Energy Generation

Palmitoylcarnitine is one molecule in a family of ester derivatives of carnitine that are utilized in the TCA cycle to generate energy. The beta oxidation yields 7 NADH, 7 FADH2, and 8 Acetyl-CoA chains. This Acetyl-CoA generates 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 GTP for every molecule in the TCA cycle. Each NADH generates 2.5 ATP in the ETC and FADH2 generates 1.5 ATP. This totals to 108 ATP, but 2 ATP are consumed to generate the initial Palmitoyl-CoA, leaving a net gain of 106 ATP.[citation needed]

Clinical Significance

Palmitoylcarnitine has demonstrated potential as a diagnostic marker in newborns for the medical condition of primary carnitine deficiency.[3]

Levels of palmitoylcarnitine (palcar) demonstrated significant correlation with dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and its effects in prostate cancer models, suggesting a similar role between the two molecules.[4]

See also

References

  1. ISBN 978-0-12-417044-5
  2. PMID 1055387
    .
  3. PMID 32521959
    .
  4. PMID 27403764
    .


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