Porphyromonas
Porphyromonas | |
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Colonies of TSA plate
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Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Bacteria |
Phylum: | Bacteroidota |
Class: | Bacteroidia |
Order: | Bacteroidales |
Family: | Porphyromonadaceae |
Genus: | Porphyromonas Shah and Collins 1988[1] |
Type species | |
Porphyromonas asaccharolytica[1] | |
Species | |
P. asaccharolytica[1] | |
Synonyms[2] | |
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Porphyromonas is a
This genus was first reported in the oral cavity[5] and is found specifically in the salivary microbiome.[7] Porphyromonas are also commonly found in the microbiome of the human digestive tract, as shown by the Human Microbiome Project in general.[8][9][10]
Distribution of species
While overlap exists between humans and animals in the distribution of Porphyromonas species, some species are more prevalent in each.[5]
Humans
P. asaccharolytica, P. endodontalis, P. gingivalis, P. catoniae, P. pasteri, P. somerae, and P. uenonis[5]
Porphyromonas endodontalis in humans
- The gram-negative anaerobic bacterium Porphyromonas endodontalis is frequently linked to endodontic infections. The diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of conditions that affect the dental pulp—the soft tissue inside the tooth that contains nerves and blood vessels—are the focus of the dental specialty known as endodontics.[11]
- Since its initial discovery in the 1990s in the infected root canals of human teeth, P. endodontalis has come to be known as a significant pathogen in endodontic infections. This bacterium belongs to the Porphyromonas genus, which also contains a number of other species linked to oral infections and periodontal disease.[11]
- Because P. endodontalis is a facultative anaerobe, it can live in both oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor conditions. It is a rod-shaped bacteria that is not mobile and does not produce spores. P. endodontalis, like other gram-negative bacteria, has a lipopolysaccharide-containing outer membrane, which contains chemicals that might cause an inflammatory reaction in the host.[11]
- The ability of P. endodontalis to create enzymes that break down the extracellular matrix of host tissues, including collagen and elastin, is one of the organism's primary virulence factors. By doing so, the bacterium can elude the host's immune system and infect the dental pulp more deeply. Additionally, P. endodontalis makes toxins that can harm host cells and cause inflammation.[11]
- P. endodontalis has been linked to endodontic infections as well as other systemic illnesses such rheumatoid arthritis and cardiovascular disease. In the body, this bacterium can colonize other tissues after entering the bloodstream, where it may cause tissue damage and persistent inflammation.[11]
- Microbial culture of infected dental tissue or root canal samples is frequently used in the diagnosis of P. endodontalis infection. The bacteria can be recognized by its distinctive biochemical characteristics, growth requirements, and appearance. The existence of P. endodontalis can also be verified and separated from related species using molecular methods like PCR and DNA sequencing.[11]
- Root canal therapy, which entails removing the infected tooth pulp and filling the root canal with a biocompatible substance, is frequently used to treat P. endodontalis infections. Although there is some controversy regarding the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy for endodontic infections, antibiotics may also be used to manage the infection.[12]
- The gram-negative anaerobic bacterium Porphyromonas endodontalis is linked to endodontic infections. This bacterium makes enzymes and poisons that enable it to avoid the immune system and ingest larger amounts of host tissue. Microbial culture and molecular methods are used to diagnose P. endodontalis infections, and antibiotics and root canal treatments are frequently used in treatment.[11]
Animals
Porphyromonas genus is commonly found in healthy stallion semen <(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2020.106568)>Environment
Porphyromonas have been isolated from manmade and naturally occurring environments. Most of these species have been detected in manmade environments, including transportation systems, healthcare settings, and indoor facilities; Porphyromonas persist in naturally occurring environments such as air, soil, seawater, freshwater, agricultural sites, and alpine meadows to a lesser extent. Furthermore, waste-management sites are a pertinent source of environment-dwelling species.[6] Specific environmentally hosted strains have not been widely studied or identified.
Health impacts
Oral cavity
- periodontitis.[13]
- P. endodontalis: Porphyromonas endodontalis is associated with endodontal infections. It has been isolated from infected dental root canals and submucous abscesses of endodontal origin.[14] Dental root canal infections that had P. endodontalis present have been linked to acute infection symptoms. Periodontal pockets and oral mucosa may occasionally contain it.[14]
Gastrointestinal tract
- Overabundance of this genus has been reported from the feces of patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer.[15]
Respiratory tract
- Porphyromonas increase has been associated with pulmonary tuberculosis lesions.[16]
Uterine tract
Other
Alterations in Porphyromonas abundance have also been associated with various cancers, autoimmune and neurodegenerative conditions,[6] vaginal diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, and Sjogren's syndrome.[5]
Detection methods
Porphyromonas is most commonly detected via utilization of 16s rRNA sequencing techniques.[18][19]
References
- ^ LPSN.
- ^ a b "Porphyromonas". www.uniprot.org.
- ISBN 9781118960608.
- doi:10.1601/nm.8020 (inactive 2024-04-17).)
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: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (link - ^ S2CID 220329292.
- ^ S2CID 222169436.
- PMID 26961389.
- PMID 22699609.
- PMID 22698087.
- PMID 22807668.
- ^ PMID 9796510.
- PMID 22429191.
- PMID 24741603.
- ^ PMID 9796510.
- PMID 24316595.
- PMID 26000957.
- S2CID 203848231.
- S2CID 13878262.
- PMID 8300528.
Further reading
- Summanen, P. H.; Lawson, P. A.; Finegold, S. M. (19 June 2009). "Porphyromonas bennonis sp. nov., isolated from human clinical specimens". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 59 (7): 1727–1732. PMID 19542133.
- LOVE, D. N.; KARJALAINEN, J.; KANERVO, A.; FORSBLOM, B.; SARKIALA, E.; BAILEY, G. D.; WIGNEY, D. I.; JOUSIMIES-SOMER, H. (1 April 1994). "Porphyromonas canoris sp. nov., an Asaccharolytic, Black-Pigmented Species from the Gingival Sulcus of Dogs". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 44 (2): 204–208. PMID 8186085.
- Love, D. N.; Bailey, G. D.; Collings, S.; Briscoe, D. A. (1 July 1992). "Description of Porphyromonas circumdentaria sp. nov. and Reassignment of Bacteroides salivosus (Love, Johnson, Jones, and Calverley 1987) as Porphyromonas (Shah and Collins 1988) salivosa comb. nov". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 42 (3): 434–438. PMID 1503973.
- Lombardo Bedran, Telma Blanca; Marcantonio, Rosemary Adriana C.; Spin Neto, Rubens; Alves Mayer, Marcia Pinto; Grenier, Daniel; Spolidorio, Luis Carlos; Spolidorio, Denise Palomari (5 January 2012). "Porphyromonas endodontalis in chronic periodontitis: a clinical and microbiological cross-sectional study". Journal of Oral Microbiology. 4 (1): 10123. PMID 26051327.
- HIRASAWA, M.; TAKADA, K. (1 October 1994). "Porphyromonas gingivicanis sp. nov. and Porphyromonas crevioricanis sp. nov., Isolated from Beagles". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 44 (4): 637–640. PMID 7981094.
- Fournier, D.; Mouton, C.; Lapierre, P.; Kato, T.; Okuda, K.; Menard, C. (1 May 2001). "Porphyromonas gulae sp. nov., an anaerobic, Gram-negative coccobacillus from the gingival sulcus of various animal hosts". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 51 (3): 1179–1189. PMID 11411686.