Professional–managerial class

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A bar plot of the Gilbert model, with the professional-managerial class being part of the upper middle class.

The term professional-managerial class (PMC) refers to a

proletarian nor bourgeoisie. Conceived as "The New Class" by social scientists and critics such as Daniel Patrick Moynihan in the 1970s, this group of middle class professionals is distinguished from other social classes by their training and education, typically business qualifications and university degrees,[1] with occupations thought to offer influence on society that would otherwise be available only to capital owners.[2] The professional-managerial class tend to have incomes above the average for their country, with major exceptions being academia and print journalism.[3]

History

revisionism of the Marxist understanding of class.[5]

The Ehrenreichs defined the PMC as educated professionals who historically did not work in corporate environments, such as scientists, lawyers, academics, artists, and journalists.[6] In a 2013 follow-up, they estimated that in the 1930s, PMC occupations made up less than 1% of total U.S. employment, but the share had risen to 24% by 1972, and 35% by 2006.[7] In that same essay, they argued that the notion of the PMC as a collective grouping was "in ruins" due to economic shifts in the 1990s and 2000s which changed their professional prospects. Some members (such as highly qualified scientists) "jump[ed] ship for more lucrative posts in direct services to capital"; others (such as lawyers, tenured professors, and doctors) found themselves in increasingly "corporation-like" workplaces; while others still (like those with backgrounds in media or the humanities) "spiral[ed] down to the retail workforce", unable to parlay their skills into higher-income jobs.[7]

Later use

By the late 2010s, the term was more broadly used in American political discourse as a shorthand reference to

ordinary members of the working class.[9][10][11] Hans Magnus Enzensberger had previously written of the "characterless opportunism" of its members, in reference to its constant shifting of allegiances, not only between the leisured and working classes but also among themselves.[12]

See also

References

  1. ISBN 9780847674053 – via Google Books
    .
  2. ^ Kellner, Hansfried; Heuberger, Frank W. (1994). "Hidden Technocrats: The New Class and New Capitalism". Transaction Publishers.
  3. ISBN 9780792308003 – via Google Books
    .
  4. ^ a b c Press, Alex (October 22, 2019). "On the Origins of the Professional-Managerial Class: An Interview with Barbara Ehrenreich". Dissent Magazine.
  5. JSTOR 43783375
    .
  6. ISBN 0-89608-037-4
    .
  7. ^ a b Ehrenreich, Barbara; Ehrenreich, John (February 2013). "Barbara and John Ehrenreich: The Real Story Behind the Crash and Burn of America's Managerial Class". AlterNet. Retrieved October 31, 2020.
  8. ^ Winant, Gabriel (October 10, 2019). "Professional-Managerial Chasm". n+1 magazine.
  9. ^ "Virtue Hoarders: our scolding elites". Spiked.
  10. ^ "The Jacobin Show: The Professional-Managerial Class w/ Catherine Liu". University of Minnesota Press. January 27, 2021.
  11. ^ "Aufhebunga Bunga podcast: The Worst Class ft. Catherine Liu". University of Minnesota Press.
  12. ^ Frost, Amber A'Lee (November 2019). "The Characterless Opportunism of the Managerial Class". American Affairs. Vol. 3, no. 4.
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