Naqada III

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(Redirected from
Protodynastic Period of Egypt
)
For other uses, see Naqada (disambiguation).
Naqada III
Naqada III (Egypt)
Naqada III (Northeast Africa)
Geographical rangeEgypt
PeriodEarly Bronze I
Datesc. 3,300 BC – 2,900 BC[1]
Major sitesNaqada, Tarkhan, Nekhen
Preceded byNaqada II
Followed byEarly Dynastic Period (Egypt)
The Narmer Palette, thought to mark the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt; note the images of the goddess Bat at the top, as well as the serpopards that form the central intertwined image.

Naqada III is the last phase of the

polities. Naqada III is often referred to as Dynasty 0 or the Protodynastic Period[2] to reflect the presence of kings at the head of influential states, although, in fact, the kings involved would not have been a part of a dynasty. In this period, those kings' names were inscribed in the form of serekhs
on a variety of surfaces including pottery and tombs.

History

The Protodynastic Period in ancient Egypt was characterised by an ongoing process of political unification, culminating in the formation of a single state to begin the

hieroglyphs. There is also strong archaeological evidence of Egyptian settlements in southern Canaan during the Protodynastic Period, which are regarded as colonies or trading entrepôts
.

State formation began during this era and perhaps even earlier. Various small city-states arose along the

Umm el-Qa'ab
cemetery.

Early Egyptologists such as Flinders Petrie were proponents of the Dynastic race theory which hypothesised that the first Egyptian chieftains and rulers were themselves of Mesopotamian origin,[3] but this view has been abandoned among modern scholars.[4][5][6][7][8]

Most

Egyptologists consider Narmer to be both the last king of this period and the first king of the First Dynasty. He was possibly preceded over some parts of Upper Egypt by Crocodile, Iry-Hor, Ka, and perhaps by the king Scorpion II, whose name may refer to, or be derived from, the goddess Serket, a special early protector of other deities and the rulers.[9]

Naqada III extended all over Egypt and was characterized by some notable firsts:

And at best, a notable second:

  • The invention of
    sail navigation[10] (derived from its prior invention in the Persian Gulf 2,000 years earlier)[11]

According to the Egypt's Ministry of Antiquities, in February, 2020, Egyptian archaeologists have uncovered 83 tombs dating back to 3,000 B.C, known as the Naqada III period. Various small ceramic pots in different shapes and some sea shells, makeup tools, eyeliner pots, and jewels were also revealed in the burial.[12][13]

Decorative cosmetic palettes

Main article: Cosmetic palette

Many notable decorative palettes are dated to Naqada III, such as the Hunters Palette.

  • Hunters Palette, circa 3100 BC
    Hunters Palette, circa 3100 BC
  • "Four Dogs Palette" (3300–3100 BC)
    "Four Dogs Palette" (3300–3100 BC)
  • Fragment of a ceremonial palette illustrating a man and a type of staff, ca. 3200–3100 BC
    Fragment of a ceremonial palette illustrating a man and a type of staff, ca. 3200–3100 BC
  • Duck-shaped palette
    Duck-shaped palette
  • Bull Palette, 3100 BC
    Bull Palette, 3100 BC
  • The Battlefield Palette, possibly showing the subjection of the people of the Buto-Maadi culture, by the Egyptian rulers of Naqada III, circa 3100 BC.[14]
    The
    Buto-Maadi culture, by the Egyptian rulers of Naqada III, circa 3100 BC.[14]
  • Fragment of a palette, 3200–2800 BC.
    Fragment of a palette, 3200–2800 BC.

Other artifacts

See also

References

  1. ^ Hendrickx, Stan. "The relative chronology of the Naqada culture: Problems and possibilities [in:] Spencer, A.J. (ed.), Aspects of Early Egypt. London: British Museum Press, 1996: 36-69": 64. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  2. ^ a b Shaw 2000, p. 479.
  3. S2CID 194596267
    .
  4. ISBN 0415186331
    .
  5. ISBN 0807845558.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link
    )
  6. ^ Zakrzewski, Sonia R. (2007). Population continuity or population change: Formation of the ancient Egyptian state. Highfield, Southampton: Department of Archaeology, University of Southampton.
  7. ISBN 0936260645
    .
  8. ISBN 978-0-691-24409-9
    .
  9. ^ Shaw 2000, p. 71.
  10. ^ Meza, A.I. (2007) “Neolithic Boats: Ancient Egypt and the Maltese Islands. A Minoan Connection” J-C. Goyon,C. Cardin (Eds.) Actes Du Neuvième Congrès International Des Égyptologues, p. 1287.
  11. S2CID 162515460
    .
  12. ^ Geggel, Laura (21 February 2020). "Dozens of ancient Egyptian graves found with rare clay coffins". livescience.com. Retrieved 2020-06-28.
  13. ^ "الكشف عن 83 مقبرة أثرية بمنطقة آثار كوم الخلجان بمحافظة الدقهلية". اليوم السابع. 2020-02-12. Retrieved 2020-06-28.
  14. ^ Brovarski, Edward. "REFLECTIONS ON THE BATTLEFIELD AND LIBYAN BOOTY PALETTES": 89. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

Further reading

External links

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