Readers–writer lock

In

Readers–writer locks are usually constructed on top of

Some RW locks allow the lock to be atomically upgraded from being locked in read-mode to write-mode, as well as being downgraded from write-mode to read-mode. [1] Upgrading a lock from read-mode to write-mode is prone to deadlocks, since whenever two threads holding reader locks both attempt to upgrade to writer locks, a deadlock is created that can only be broken by one of the threads releasing its reader lock. The deadlock can be avoided by allowing only one thread to acquire the lock in "read-mode with intent to upgrade to write" while there are no threads in write mode and possibly non-zero threads in read-mode.

Priority policies

RW locks can be designed with different priority policies for reader vs. writer access. The lock can either be designed to always give priority to readers (read-preferring), to always give priority to writers (write-preferring) or be unspecified with regards to priority. These policies lead to different tradeoffs with regards to

• Read-preferring RW locks allow for maximum concurrency, but can lead to write-starvation if contention is high. This is because writer threads will not be able to acquire the lock as long as at least one reading thread holds it. Since multiple reader threads may hold the lock at once, this means that a writer thread may continue waiting for the lock while new reader threads are able to acquire the lock, even to the point where the writer may still be waiting after all of the readers which were holding the lock when it first attempted to acquire it have released the lock. Priority to readers may be weak, as just described, or strong, meaning that whenever a writer releases the lock, any blocking readers always acquire it next.^[4]: 76
• Write-preferring RW locks avoid the problem of writer starvation by preventing any new readers from acquiring the lock if there is a writer queued and waiting for the lock; the writer will acquire the lock as soon as all readers which were already holding the lock have completed.^[5] The downside is that write-preferring locks allows for less concurrency in the presence of writer threads, compared to read-preferring RW locks. Also the lock is less performant because each operation, taking or releasing the lock for either read or write, is more complex, internally requiring taking and releasing two mutexes instead of one.^{[citation needed]} This variation is sometimes also known as "write-biased" readers–writer lock.^[6]
• Unspecified priority RW locks does not provide any guarantees with regards read vs. write access. Unspecified priority can in some situations be preferable if it allows for a more efficient implementation.^{[citation needed]}

Implementation

Several implementation strategies for readers–writer locks exist, reducing them to synchronization primitives that are assumed to pre-exist.

Using two mutexes

Raynal demonstrates how to implement an R/W lock using two mutexes and a single integer counter. The counter, b, tracks the number of blocking readers. One mutex, r, protects b and is only used by readers; the other, g (for "global") ensures mutual exclusion of writers. This requires that a mutex acquired by one thread can be released by another. The following is pseudocode for the operations:

This implementation is read-preferring.^[4]: 76

Using a condition variable and a mutex

Alternatively an RW lock can be implemented in terms of a

Programming language support

• POSIX standard pthread_rwlock_t and associated operations^[10]
• ReadWriteLock^[11] interface and the ReentrantReadWriteLock^[6] locks in Java version 5 or above
• Microsoft System.Threading.ReaderWriterLockSlim lock for C# and other .NET languages^[12]
• std::shared_mutex read/write lock in C++17^[13]
• boost::shared_mutex and boost::upgrade_mutex locks in
  Boost C++ Libraries^[14]
• SRWLock, added to the Windows operating system API as of Windows Vista.^[15]
• sync.RWMutex in Go^[16]
• Phase fair reader–writer lock, which alternates between readers and writers^[17]
• std::sync::RwLock read/write lock in Rust^[18]
• Poco::RWLock in POCO C++ Libraries
• mse::recursive_shared_timed_mutex in the SaferCPlusPlus library is a version of std::shared_timed_mutex that supports the recursive ownership semantics of std::recursive_mutex.
• txrwlock.ReadersWriterDeferredLock Readers/Writer Lock for Twisted^[19]
• rw_semaphore in the Linux kernel^[20]

Alternatives

The

• Semaphore (programming)
• Mutual exclusion
• Scheduler pattern
• Balking pattern
• File locking
• Lock (computer science)
• Readers–writers problem

Notes

References