Microsoft Windows

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Microsoft Windows
Logo as of October 2021
DeveloperMicrosoft
Source model
Initial releaseNovember 20, 1985; 38 years ago (1985-11-20)
Latest release23H2 (10.0.22631.4169) (September 10, 2024; 3 days ago (2024-09-10)[1]) [±]
Latest preview
Release Preview Channel

24H2 (10.0.26100.1742) (September 10, 2024; 3 days ago (2024-09-10)[2][3]) [±]

Beta Channel

23H2 (10.0.22635.4145) (August 30, 2024; 14 days ago (2024-08-30)[4]) [±]

Dev Channel

24H2 (10.0.26120.1542) (August 19, 2024; 25 days ago (2024-08-19)[5]) [±]

Canary Channel
10.0.27695.1000 (August 30, 2024; 14 days ago (2024-08-30)
ARM64

Previously: 16-bit x86, DEC Alpha, MIPS, PowerPC, Itanium
Kernel type
Default
user interface		Windows shell
LicenseProprietary commercial software
Official websitewindows.com Edit this at Wikidata

Microsoft Windows is a product line of proprietary graphical operating systems developed and marketed by Microsoft. It is grouped into families and sub-families that cater to particular sectors of the computing industry – Windows (unqualified) for a consumer or corporate workstation, Windows Server for a server and Windows IoT for an embedded system. Defunct families include Windows 9x, Windows Mobile, Windows Phone, and Windows Embedded Compact.

The first version of Windows was released on November 20, 1985, as a graphical

operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces (GUIs).[12]

Windows is the most popular desktop operating system in the world, with a 70% market share as of March 2023, according to StatCounter.[13] However, Windows is not the most used operating system when including both mobile and desktop OSes, due to Android's massive growth globally since the early 2010s.[14]

As of today, the most recent version of Windows is

Windows Server 2025 for servers. Still supported are some editions of Windows 10, Windows Server 2016 or later (and exceptionally with paid support down to Windows Server 2012 and Windows Embedded POSReady 7
).

Product line

As of today, the only active top-level family is

workstations
. It grew into a product line of its own and now consists of four sub-families that tend to be released almost simultaneously and share the same kernel.

  • live operating system
    , used for installing Windows on bare-metal computers (especially on many computers at once), recovery, or troubleshooting purposes. The latest version is Windows PE 10.

These top-level Windows families are no longer actively developed:

Version history

Main article: Microsoft Windows version history
See also: List of Microsoft Windows versions

The term Windows collectively describes any or all of several generations of Microsoft operating system products. These products are generally categorized as follows:

Early versions

Main articles: Windows 1.0, Windows 2.0, and Windows 2.1

The history of Windows dates back to 1981 when Microsoft started work on a program called "Interface Manager". The name "Windows" comes from the fact that the system was one of the first to use graphical boxes to represent programs; in the industry, at the time, these were called "windows" and the underlying software was called "windowing software."

Write. Windows 1.0 does not allow overlapping windows. Instead, all windows are tiled. Only modal dialog boxes may appear over other windows. Microsoft sold as included Windows Development libraries with the C development environment, which included numerous windows samples.[19]

Windows 2.0 was released in December 1987, and was more popular than its predecessor. It features several improvements to the user interface and memory management.[20] Windows 2.03 changed the OS from tiled windows to overlapping windows. The result of this change led to Apple Computer filing a suit against Microsoft alleging infringement on Apple's copyrights (eventually settled in court in Microsoft's favor in 1993).[21][22] Windows 2.0 also introduced more sophisticated keyboard shortcuts and could make use of expanded memory.

Windows 2.1 was released in two different versions:

paged memory model to emulate expanded memory using available extended memory. Windows/286, in spite of its name, runs on both Intel 8086 and Intel 80286 processors. It runs in real mode but can make use of the high memory area.[23]

In addition to full Windows packages, there were runtime-only versions that shipped with early Windows software from third parties and made it possible to run their Windows software on MS-DOS and without the full Windows feature set.

The early versions of Windows are often thought of as graphical shells, mostly because they ran on top of MS-DOS and used it for

cooperative multitasking. Windows implemented an elaborate, segment-based, software virtual memory scheme, which allows it to run applications larger than available memory: code segments and resources
are swapped in and thrown away when memory became scarce; data segments moved in memory when a given application had relinquished processor control.

Windows 3.x

Main articles: Windows 3.0 and Windows 3.1
Windows 3.0, released in 1990

Windows 3.0, released in 1990, improved the design, mostly because of virtual memory and loadable virtual device drivers (VxDs) that allow Windows to share arbitrary devices between multi-tasked DOS applications.[citation needed] Windows 3.0 applications can run in protected mode, which gives them access to several megabytes of memory without the obligation to participate in the software virtual memory scheme. They run inside the same address space, where the segmented memory provides a degree of protection. Windows 3.0 also featured improvements to the user interface. Microsoft rewrote critical operations from C into assembly. Windows 3.0 was the first version of Windows to achieve broad commercial success, selling 2 million copies in the first six months.[25][26]

Versions before Windows 95 had to be installed from floppy disks by end users (or in professional environments with a network installation); here Windows for Workgroups with nine 3.5-inch-disks to be inserted sequentially.

Windows 3.1, made

peer-to-peer networking features and a version number of 3.11, was released. It was sold along with Windows 3.1. Support for Windows 3.1 ended on December 31, 2001.[27]

Windows 3.2, released in 1994, is an updated version of the Chinese version of Windows 3.1.[28] The update was limited to this language version, as it fixed only issues related to the complex writing system of the Chinese language.[29] Windows 3.2 was generally sold by computer manufacturers with a ten-disk version of MS-DOS that also had Simplified Chinese characters in basic output and some translated utilities.

Windows 9x

Main articles: Windows 9x, Windows 95, Windows 98, and Windows Me

The next major consumer-oriented release of Windows,

Windows Explorer shell. Windows 95 was a major commercial success for Microsoft; Ina Fried of CNET remarked that "by the time Windows 95 was finally ushered off the market in 2001, it had become a fixture on computer desktops around the world."[30] Microsoft published four OEM Service Releases (OSR) of Windows 95, each of which was roughly equivalent to a service pack. The first OSR of Windows 95 was also the first version of Windows to be bundled with Microsoft's web browser, Internet Explorer.[31] Mainstream support for Windows 95 ended on December 31, 2000, and extended support for Windows 95 ended on December 31, 2001.[32]

Windows 95 was followed up with the release of

Internet Explorer 5.0 and Windows Media Player 6.2 amongst other upgrades. Mainstream support for Windows 98 ended on June 30, 2002, and extended support for Windows 98 ended on July 11, 2006.[33]

On September 14, 2000, Microsoft released

System File Protection and System Restore, and updated home networking tools.[35] However, Windows Me was faced with criticism for its speed and instability, along with hardware compatibility issues and its removal of real mode DOS support. PC World considered Windows Me to be one of the worst operating systems Microsoft had ever released, and the fourth worst tech product of all time.[16]

Windows NT

Main article: Windows NT

Version history

Early versions (Windows NT 3.1/3.5/3.51/4.0/2000)
Main articles: Windows NT 3.1, Windows NT 3.5, Windows NT 3.51, Windows NT 4.0, and Windows 2000
Windows logo (1995–2001)

In November 1988, a new development team within Microsoft (which included former

preemptive multitasking and support for multiple processor architectures. However, following the successful release of Windows 3.0, the NT development team decided to rework the project to use an extended 32-bit port of the Windows API known as Win32 instead of those of OS/2. Win32 maintained a similar structure to the Windows APIs (allowing existing Windows applications to easily be ported to the platform), but also supported the capabilities of the existing NT kernel. Following its approval by Microsoft's staff, development continued on what was now Windows NT, the first 32-bit version of Windows. However, IBM objected to the changes, and ultimately continued OS/2 development on its own.[36][37]

Windows NT was the first Windows operating system based on a hybrid kernel. The hybrid kernel was designed as a modified microkernel, influenced by the Mach microkernel developed by Richard Rashid at Carnegie Mellon University, but without meeting all of the criteria of a pure microkernel.

The first release of the resulting operating system, Windows NT 3.1 (named to associate it with Windows 3.1) was released in July 1993, with versions for desktop workstations and servers. Windows NT 3.5 was released in September 1994, focusing on performance improvements and support for Novell's NetWare, and was followed up by Windows NT 3.51 in May 1995, which included additional improvements and support for the PowerPC architecture. Windows NT 4.0 was released in June 1996, introducing the redesigned interface of Windows 95 to the NT series. On February 17, 2000, Microsoft released Windows 2000, a successor to NT 4.0. The Windows NT name was dropped at this point in order to put a greater focus on the Windows brand.[37]

Windows XP
Main article: Windows XP
Windows logo (2001–06)

The next major version of Windows NT,

Remote Assistance functionality.[38][39]

At retail, Windows XP was marketed in two main editions: the "Home" edition was targeted towards consumers, while the "Professional" edition was targeted towards business environments and power users, and included additional security and networking features. Home and Professional were later accompanied by the "Media Center" edition (designed for home theater PCs, with an emphasis on support for DVD playback, TV tuner cards, DVR functionality, and remote controls), and the "Tablet PC" edition (designed for mobile devices meeting its specifications for a tablet computer, with support for stylus pen input and additional pen-enabled applications).[40][41][42] Mainstream support for Windows XP ended on April 14, 2009. Extended support ended on April 8, 2014.[43]

After Windows 2000, Microsoft also changed its release schedules for server operating systems; the server counterpart of Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, was released in April 2003.[37] It was followed in December 2005, by Windows Server 2003 R2.

Windows Vista
Main article: Windows Vista

After a lengthy development process, Windows Vista was released on November 30, 2006, for volume licensing and January 30, 2007, for consumers. It contained a number of new features, from a redesigned shell and user interface to significant technical changes, with a particular focus on security features. It was available in a number of different editions, and has been subject to some criticism, such as drop of performance, longer boot time, criticism of new UAC, and stricter license agreement. Vista's server counterpart, Windows Server 2008 was released in early 2008.

Windows 7
Main article: Windows 7

On July 22, 2009, Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 were released to manufacturing (RTM) and released to the public three months later on October 22, 2009. Unlike its predecessor, Windows Vista, which introduced a large number of new features, Windows 7 was intended to be a more focused, incremental upgrade to the Windows line, with the goal of being compatible with applications and hardware with which Windows Vista was already compatible.[44] Windows 7 has multi-touch support, a redesigned Windows shell with an updated taskbar with revealable jump lists that contain shortcuts to files frequently used with specific applications and shortcuts to tasks within the application,[45] a home networking system called HomeGroup,[46] and performance improvements.

Windows 8 and 8.1
Main articles: Windows 8 and Windows 8.1
Windows logo (2012–15)

Windows 8, the successor to Windows 7, was released generally on October 26, 2012. A number of significant changes were made on Windows 8, including the introduction of a user interface based around Microsoft's Metro design language with optimizations for touch-based devices such as tablets and all-in-one PCs. These changes include the Start screen, which uses large tiles that are more convenient for touch interactions and allow for the display of continually updated information, and a new class of apps which are designed primarily for use on touch-based devices. The new Windows version required a minimum resolution of 1024×768 pixels,[47] effectively making it unfit for netbooks with 800×600-pixel screens.

Other changes include increased integration with

Windows Store service for software distribution, and a new variant known as Windows RT for use on devices that utilize the ARM architecture, and a new keyboard shortcut for screenshots.[48][49][50][51][52][53][54] An update to Windows 8, called Windows 8.1,[55] was released on October 17, 2013, and includes features such as new live tile sizes, deeper OneDrive integration, and many other revisions. Windows 8 and Windows 8.1 have been subject to some criticism, such as the removal of the Start menu
.

Windows 10
Main article: Windows 10
Windows logo (2015–21)

On September 30, 2014, Microsoft announced Windows 10 as the successor to Windows 8.1. It was released on July 29, 2015, and addresses shortcomings in the user interface first introduced with Windows 8. Changes on PC include the return of the Start Menu, a virtual desktop system, and the ability to run Windows Store apps within windows on the desktop rather than in full-screen mode. Windows 10 is said to be available to update from qualified Windows 7 with SP1, Windows 8.1 and Windows Phone 8.1 devices from the Get Windows 10 Application (for Windows 7, Windows 8.1) or Windows Update (Windows 7).[56]

In February 2017, Microsoft announced the migration of its Windows source code repository from Perforce to Git. This migration involved 3.5 million separate files in a 300-gigabyte repository.[57] By May 2017, 90 percent of its engineering team was using Git, in about 8500 commits and 1760 Windows builds per day.[57]

In June 2021, shortly before Microsoft's announcement of Windows 11, Microsoft updated their lifecycle policy pages for Windows 10, revealing that support for their last release of Windows 10 will end on October 14, 2025.[58][59] On April 27, 2023, Microsoft announced that version 22H2 would be the last of Windows 10.[60][61]

Windows logo (2021–present)
Windows 11
Main article: Windows 11

On June 24, 2021, Windows 11 was announced as the successor to Windows 10 during a livestream. The new operating system was designed to be more user-friendly and understandable. It was released on October 5, 2021.[62][63] As of May 2022, Windows 11 is a free upgrade to Windows 10 users who meet the system requirements.[64]

Windows 365

See also: Azure Virtual Desktop
Not to be confused with
Windows/386
.

In July 2021, Microsoft announced it will start selling subscriptions to virtualized Windows desktops as part of a new Windows 365 service in the following month. The new service will allow for

Apple App Store.[66][67][68][69][70]

Microsoft announced Windows 365 availability to business and enterprise customers on August 2, 2021.[71]

Multilingual support

See also: Multilingual User Interface

Multilingual support has been built into Windows since Windows 3.0. The language for both the keyboard and the interface can be changed through the Region and Language Control Panel. Components for all supported input languages, such as

Input Method Editors, are automatically installed during Windows installation (in Windows XP and earlier, files for East Asian languages, such as Chinese, and files for right-to-left scripts, such as Arabic, may need to be installed separately, also from the said Control Panel). Third-party IMEs may also be installed if a user feels that the provided one is insufficient for their needs. Since Windows 2000, English editions of Windows NT have East Asian IMEs (such as Microsoft Pinyin IME
and Microsoft Japanese IME) bundled, but files for East Asian languages may be manually installed on Control Panel.

Interface languages for the operating system are free for download, but some languages are limited to certain editions of Windows. Language Interface Packs (LIPs) are redistributable and may be downloaded from Microsoft's Download Center and installed for any edition of Windows (XP or later) – they translate most, but not all, of the Windows interface, and require a certain base language (the language which Windows originally shipped with). This is used for most languages in emerging markets. Full Language Packs, which translate the complete operating system, are only available for specific editions of Windows (Ultimate and Enterprise editions of Windows Vista and 7, and all editions of Windows 8, 8.1 and RT except Single Language). They do not require a specific base language and are commonly used for more popular languages such as French or Chinese. These languages cannot be downloaded through the Download Center, but are available as optional updates through the Windows Update service (except Windows 8).

The interface language of installed applications is not affected by changes in the Windows interface language. The availability of languages depends on the application developers themselves.

Windows Store
apps (such as Mail, Maps and News) and certain other Microsoft-developed apps (such as Remote Desktop). The above limitations for language packs are however still in effect, except that full language packs can be installed for any edition except Single Language, which caters to emerging markets.

Platform support

Windows NT included support for several platforms before the x86-based personal computer became dominant in the professional world. Windows NT 4.0 and its predecessors supported PowerPC, DEC Alpha and MIPS R4000 (although some of the platforms implement 64-bit computing, the OS treated them as 32-bit). Windows 2000 dropped support for all platforms, except the third generation x86 (known as IA-32) or newer in 32-bit mode. The client line of the Windows NT family still ran on IA-32 up to Windows 10[64] (the server line of the Windows NT family still ran on IA-32 up to Windows Server 2008).

With the introduction of the Intel Itanium architecture (IA-64), Microsoft released new versions of Windows to support it. Itanium versions of Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 were released at the same time as their mainstream x86 counterparts. Windows XP 64-Bit Edition (Version 2003), released in 2003, is the last Windows client operating system to support Itanium. Windows Server line continues to support this platform until Windows Server 2012; Windows Server 2008 R2 is the last Windows operating system to support Itanium architecture.

On April 25, 2005, Microsoft released Windows XP Professional x64 Edition and Windows Server 2003 x64 editions to support x86-64 (or simply x64), the 64-bit version of x86 architecture. Windows Vista was the first client version of Windows NT to be released simultaneously in IA-32 and x64 editions. As of 2024, x64 is still supported.

An edition of Windows 8 known as

Windows 10 Fall Creators Update (version 1709) and later includes support for ARM-based PCs.[72]

Windows CE

Main articles:
Windows CE and Windows Phone

Windows CE (officially known as Windows Embedded Compact), is an edition of Windows that runs on

OEMs
and device makers. The OEMs and device makers can modify and create their own user interfaces and experiences, while Windows CE provides the technical foundation to do so.

Windows CE was used in the Dreamcast along with Sega's own proprietary OS for the console. Windows CE was the core from which Windows Mobile was derived. Its successor, Windows Phone 7, was based on components from both Windows CE 6.0 R3 and Windows CE 7.0. Windows Phone 8 however, is based on the same NT-kernel as Windows 8.

Windows Embedded Compact is not to be confused with

Windows NT 4.0 Embedded
, modular editions of Windows based on Windows NT kernel.

Xbox OS

Main article: Xbox system software

Xbox OS is an unofficial name given to the version of Windows that runs on Xbox consoles.[73] From Xbox One onwards it is an implementation with an emphasis on virtualization (using Hyper-V) as it is three operating systems running at once, consisting of the core operating system, a second implemented for games and a more Windows-like environment for applications.[74] Microsoft updates Xbox One's OS every month, and these updates can be downloaded from the Xbox Live service to the Xbox and subsequently installed, or by using offline recovery images downloaded via a PC.[75] It was originally based on NT 6.2 (Windows 8) kernel, and the latest version runs on an NT 10.0 base. This system is sometimes referred to as "Windows 10 on Xbox One".[76][77] Xbox One and Xbox Series operating systems also allow limited (due to licensing restrictions and testing resources) backward compatibility with previous generation hardware,[78] and the Xbox 360's system is backwards compatible with the original Xbox.[79]

Version control system

Up to and including every version before

Team Foundation Server in 2013,[81] but Windows (and Office) continued to rely on Source Depot.[82] The Windows code was divided among 65 different repositories with a kind of virtualization layer to produce unified view of all of the code.[citation needed
]

In 2017 Microsoft announced that it would start using Git, an open source version control system created by Linus Torvalds and in May 2017 they reported that the migration into a new Git repository was complete.[83][84][57]

VFSForGit

Because of its large, decades-long history, however, the Windows codebase is not especially well suited to the decentralized nature of Linux development that Git was originally created to manage.[citation needed] Each Git repository contains a complete history of all the files,[85] which proved unworkable for Windows developers because cloning the whole repository takes several hours.[citation needed] Microsoft has been working on a new project called the Virtual File System for Git (VFSForGit) to address these challenges.[84]

In 2021 the VFS for Git was superseded by Scalar.[86]

Timeline of releases

Legend:
Old version
Older version, still maintained
Latest version
Latest preview version
Future release
Table of Windows versions
Product name Latest version
Release date
 Codename Support until[87] Latest version of
IE DirectX Edge
Old version, no longer maintained: Windows 1.0 1.04 November 20, 1985 Interface Manager December 31, 2001 — — —
Old version, no longer maintained: Windows 2.0 2.03 December 9, 1987 —
Old version, no longer maintained: Windows 2.1 2.11 May 27, 1988 —
Old version, no longer maintained: Windows 3.0 3.00a May 22, 1990 —
Old version, no longer maintained: Windows 3.1 3.11.050 April 6, 1992 — 5.01 SP2
Old version, no longer maintained: Windows NT 3.1 NT 3.1.528 July 27, 1993 — December 31, 2000 2.01
Old version, no longer maintained: Windows NT 3.5 NT 3.5.807 September 21, 1994 Daytona December 31, 2001 3.03 SP1
Old version, no longer maintained: Windows NT 3.51 NT 3.51.1057 May 30, 1995 — 5.01 SP2
Old version, no longer maintained: Windows 95 4.03.1216 July 14, 1995 Chicago, 4.0 5.5 SP2 8.0a
Old version, no longer maintained: Windows NT 4.0 NT 4.0.1381 July 31, 1996 Cairo June 30, 2004 6 SP1 3.0a
Old version, no longer maintained: Windows 98 4.10.2222 May 15, 1998 Memphis, 97, 4.1 July 11, 2006 9.0c
Old version, no longer maintained: Windows 2000 NT 5.0.2195 December 15, 1999 — July 13, 2010
Old version, no longer maintained: Windows Me 4.90.3000 June 19, 2000 Millennium, 4.9 July 11, 2006
Old version, no longer maintained: Windows XP NT 5.1.2600 August 24, 2001 Whistler April 8, 2014 8
Old version, no longer maintained:
Windows XP 64-bit Edition
 NT 5.2.3790 March 28, 2003 —
Old version, no longer maintained: Windows Server 2003 Whistler Server July 14, 2015
Old version, no longer maintained: Windows XP x64 Edition April 25, 2005 — April 8, 2014
Old version, no longer maintained: Windows Vista NT 6.0.6003 November 8, 2006 Longhorn April 11, 2017 9 11
Old version, no longer maintained: Windows Server 2008 February 4, 2008 Longhorn Server January 14, 2020
Old version, no longer maintained: Windows 7 NT 6.1.7601 July 22, 2009 Windows 7[88] 11 109
Old version, no longer maintained: Windows Server 2008 R2 Windows Server 7
Old version, no longer maintained: Windows 8 NT 6.2.9200 August 1, 2012 — January 12, 2016 10 11.1
Old version, no longer maintained: Windows Server 2012 Server 8 October 10, 2023 11
Old version, no longer maintained: Windows 8.1 NT 6.3.9600 August 27, 2013 Blue January 10, 2023 11.2
Old version, no longer maintained: Windows Server 2012 R2 Server Blue October 10, 2023
Older version, yet still maintained: Windows 10 NT 10.0.19045 July 15, 2015 Various[58][59] October 14, 2025 12 128
Older version, yet still maintained: Windows Server 2016 NT 10.0.14393 September 26, 2016 — January 12, 2027
Older version, yet still maintained: Windows Server 2019 NT 10.0.17763 October 2, 2018 — January 9, 2029
Older version, yet still maintained: Windows Server 2022 NT 10.0.20348 August 18, 2021 — October 14, 2031
Current stable version: Windows 11 NT 10.0.26100 October 5, 2021 Various[89] November 10, 2026 —
Current stable version:
Windows Server 2025
 		NT 10.0.26100 Fall 2024 — — —
Timeline of Windows versions
Windows 1.0Windows 2.0Windows 2.1xWindows 3.0Windows 3.1xWindows 3.1xWindows NT 3.1Windows NT 3.5Windows NT 3.51Windows 95Windows NT 4.0Windows 98Windows NT 4.0Windows 2000Pocket PC 2000Windows MePocket PC 2002Windows XPWindows XPWindows Server 2003Windows Mobile 2003Windows Mobile 5.0Windows Embedded IndustryWindows Server 2003 R2Windows Mobile 6.0Windows VistaWindows Home ServerWindows Mobile 6.1Windows Server 2008Windows Embedded IndustryWindows Mobile 6.5Windows 7Windows Server 2008 R2Windows MultiPoint ServerWindows Phone 7Windows Home Server 2011Windows MultiPoint ServerWindows Embedded IndustryWindows Server 2012Windows 8Windows Phone 8Windows MultiPoint ServerWindows Embedded 8 IndustryWindows 8.1Windows Embedded 8.1 IndustryWindows Server 2012 R2Windows Phone 8.1Windows 10 (original release)Windows 10 (original release)Windows IoTWindows 10, version 1511Windows 10 Mobile version historyWindows 10, version 1607Windows 10 Mobile version historyWindows 10, version 1607Windows IoTWindows Server 2016Windows 10, version 1703Windows 10 Mobile version historyWindows 10, version 1709Windows 10 Mobile version historyWindows 10, version 1803Windows 10, version 1809Windows 10, version 1809Windows IoTWindows Server 2019Windows IoTWindows 10, version 1903Windows 10, version 1909Windows 10, version 2004Windows 10, version 20H2Windows 10, version 21H1Windows Server 2022Windows IoTWindows 11, version 21H2Windows 10, version 21H2Windows 10, version 21H2Windows IoTWindows 11, version 22H2Windows 10, version 22H2Windows 11, version 23H2


The Windows family tree

Usage share and device sales

Main article: Usage share of operating systems
This box:

Version market share
As a percentage of desktop and laptop systems using Microsoft Windows,[90] according to StatCounter data as of August 2024[91]:

Desktop OS StatCounter
Other versions 0.09%
Windows XP 0.4%
Windows 7 3.05%
Windows 8 0.28%
Windows 8.1 0.41%
Windows 10 64.14%
Windows 11 31.63%

Use of Windows 10 has exceeded Windows 7 globally since early 2018.[92]

For desktop and laptop computers, according to Net Applications and StatCounter (which track the use of operating systems in devices that are active on the Web), Windows was the most used operating-system family in August 2021, with around 91% usage share according to Net Applications[93] and around 76% usage share according to StatCounter.[94]

Including personal computers of all kinds (e.g., desktops, laptops, mobile devices, and game consoles), Windows OSes accounted for 32.67% of usage share in August 2021, compared to Android (highest, at 46.03%), iOS's 13.76%, iPadOS's 2.81%, and macOS's 2.51%, according to Net Applications[95] and 30.73% of usage share in August 2021, compared to Android (highest, at 42.56%), iOS/iPadOS's 16.53%, and macOS's 6.51%, according to StatCounter.[96]

Those statistics do not include servers (including cloud computing, where Linux has significantly more market share than Windows) as Net Applications and StatCounter use web browsing as a proxy for all use.

Security

Early versions of Windows were designed at a time where malware and networking were less common, and had few built-in security features; they did not provide access privileges to allow a user to prevent other users from accessing their files, and they did not provide memory protection to prevent one process from reading or writing another process's address space or to prevent a process from code or data used by privileged-mode code.

While the

userland applications for compatibility reasons. This area of memory contains code critical to the functioning of the operating system, and by writing into this area of memory an application can crash or freeze the operating system. This was a source of instability as faulty applications could accidentally write into this region, potentially corrupting important operating system memory, which usually resulted in some form of system error and halt.[97]

administrator account; the user, and any program the user launched, had full access to the machine. Though Windows XP did offer an option of turning administrator accounts into limited accounts, the majority of home users did not do so, partially due to the number of programs which required administrator rights to function properly. As a result, most home users still ran as administrator all the time. These architectural flaws, combined with Windows's very high popularity, made Windows a frequent target of computer worm and virus writers.[99][100][101]

Furthermore, although Windows NT and its successors are designed for security (including on a network) and multi-user PCs, they were not initially designed with Internet security in mind as much, since, when it was first developed in the early 1990s, Internet use was less prevalent.[102]

In a 2002 strategy memo entitled "Trustworthy computing" sent to every Microsoft employee, Bill Gates declared that security should become Microsoft's highest priority.[103][104]

token containing only the most basic privileges is assigned. In this way, the new logon session is incapable of making changes that would affect the entire system. When logging in as a user in the Administrators group, two separate tokens are assigned. The first token contains all privileges typically awarded to an administrator, and the second is a restricted token similar to what a standard user would receive. User applications, including the Windows shell, are then started with the restricted token, resulting in a reduced privilege environment even under an Administrator account. When an application requests higher privileges or "Run as administrator" is clicked, UAC will prompt for confirmation and, if consent is given (including administrator credentials if the account requesting the elevation is not a member of the administrators group), start the process using the unrestricted token.[106]

Leaked documents from 2013 to 2016 codenamed Vault 7 detail the capabilities of the CIA to perform electronic surveillance and cyber warfare,[107] such as the ability to compromise operating systems such as Windows.[108]

In August 2019, computer experts reported that the

Windows versions from Windows XP to the then most recent Windows 10 versions; a patch to correct the flaw is available.[110]

Microsoft releases security patches through its Windows Update service approximately once a month (usually the second Tuesday of the month), although critical updates are made available at shorter intervals when necessary.[111] Versions subsequent to Windows 2000 SP3 and Windows XP implemented automatic download and installation of updates, substantially increasing the number of users installing security updates.[112]

Windows integrates the Windows Defender antivirus, which is seen as one of the best available.

Secure Boot, Control Flow Guard, ransomware protection, BitLocker
disk encryption, a firewall, and Windows SmartScreen.

In July 2024, Microsoft signalled an intention to limit kernel access and improve overall security, following a highly publicised CrowdStrike update that caused 8.5 million Windows PCs to crash.[114]

File permissions

All Windows versions from Windows NT 3 have been based on a file system permission system referred to as AGDLP (Accounts, Global, Domain Local, Permissions) in which file permissions are applied to the file/folder in the form of a 'local group' which then has other 'global groups' as members. These global groups then hold other groups or users depending on different Windows versions used. This system varies from other vendor products such as Linux and NetWare due to the 'static' allocation of permission being applied directly to the file or folder. However using this process of AGLP/AGDLP/AGUDLP allows a small number of static permissions to be applied and allows for easy changes to the account groups without reapplying the file permissions on the files and folders.

Alternative implementations

Owing to the operating system's popularity, a number of applications have been released that aim to provide compatibility with Windows applications, either as a compatibility layer for another operating system, or as a standalone system that can run software written for Windows out of the box. These include:

See also

References

  1. ^ "September 10, 2024—KB5043076 (OS Builds 22621.4169 and 22631.4169)". Microsoft Support. Microsoft.
  2. ^ "Releasing Windows 11 Build 26100.1586 to the Release Preview Channel". Windows Insider Blog. August 19, 2024.
  3. ^ "September 10, 2024—KB5043080 (OS Build 26100.1742)". Microsoft Support. Microsoft.
  4. ^ "Announcing Windows 11 Insider Preview Build 22635.4145 (Beta Channel)". Windows Insider Blog. August 30, 2024.
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