Rivers of Paradise
Rivers of Paradise,
Geography
Although some commentators dismiss the geographic attribution for the Garden of Eden entirely,[7][8] a considerable amount of research was done on matching the rivers in the Genesis to the real ones, on the premise that the Garden was "obviously a geographic reality" to a writer of the Genesis verse (as well as his source), and thus dismissing the physical placement of the rivers is the contribution of the interpreters.[9] To the second group of scholars, attribution of Euphrates is without a doubt, most of them agree on the Tigris (Hiddekel), but the identification of Pishon and Gihon is ambiguous.[6]
For religious scholars, a natural question arises: "How did the heavenly rivers come to the Earth?" Various answers were provided in the past.[10]
Christianity
Following
The four rivers or Paradise were frequently used in
In visual arts the rivers usually flow underneath Christ's feet or from His throne (cf.
Judaism
The
Islam
Similarly to Judaism,[17] Islam treats the rivers of Paradise (anhār al-janna) as carrying the honey, milk, water, and wine (cf. Q 47:15[18]).[19] However, Hosseinizadeh[20] remarks that these are not the same rivers as in the Bible, since there are four types of rivers, not four rivers in this verse. Furthermore, there are more types discussed elsewhere in Quran (cf. Q 76:5-6[21] and Salsabil in Q 76:17-18[22]), so there is no significant relationship between the biblical rivers of Paradise and the ones in Quran.[23]
Quran uses an expression "underneath them" that had been explained as rivers flowing underneath the trees in the gardens and the chambers of paradise dwellers.[19]
The four rivers similar to the ones in Genesis can be found in
In the hadith of
Hunt[25] draws parallels between the rivers of Paradise and the Persian Charbagh garden design.
See also
References
- ^ a b Kazhdan 1991.
- ^ a b c Murray & Murray 1998.
- ^ Hosseinizadeh 2012.
- ^ Grant 1992, p. 109.
- ^ Gen 2:10–14
- ^ a b Hosseinizadeh 2012, p. 36.
- ^ Speiser 1967, p. 25, "It does no good to argue, as has often been done, that the ancients had weird notions of geography".
- ^ Hosseinizadeh 2012, p. 34.
- ^ Speiser 1967, p. 23.
- ^ Hosseinizadeh 2012, pp. 38–39.
- ^ a b c d Cohen 2000, p. 105.
- ^ Cohen 2000, p. 106.
- ^ Cohen 2000, p. 107.
- ^ Ps 42:1
- ^ Speiser 1967, p. 27.
- ^ Hosseinizadeh 2012, p. 38.
- ^ Speiser 1967, p. 27, Note 10.
- ^ Quran 47:15
- ^ a b El-Zein 2012.
- ^ Hosseinizadeh 2012, p. 41.
- ^ Quran 76:5-6
- ^ Quran 76:17-18
- ^ a b c Hosseinizadeh 2012, p. 42.
- ^ Hosseinizadeh 2012, p. 43.
- ^ Hunt, Patrick (July 29, 2011). "Persian Paradise Gardens: Eden and Beyond as Chahar Bagh". Electrum Magazine.
Sources
- Kazhdan, Alexander P., ed. (1991). "Paradise, Rivers of". The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195046526.
- Murray, Peter; Murray, Linda (1998). "Rivers of Paradise, the four". The Oxford Companion to Christian Art and Architecture. Oxford University Press. p. 433. OCLC 1055176997.
- Cohen, Adam S. (2000). "The Rivers of Paradise". The Uta Codex: Art, Philosophy, and Reform in Eleventh-Century Germany. Penn State Press. pp. 105–108. ISBN 978-0-271-04370-8.
- Speiser, Ephraim Avigdor (1967). "The Rivers of Paradise". In Finkelstein, J. J.; Greenberg, Moshe (eds.). Oriental and Biblical Studies: Collected Writings of E. A. Speiser. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 23–34.
- Hosseinizadeh, Abdol Majid (15 December 2012). "The Four Rivers of Eden in Judaism and Islam". Al-Bayan: Journal of Qur'an and Hadith Studies. 10 (2): 33–47. ISSN 2232-1950.
- Jenkinson, E. J. (April 1929). "The rivers of Paradise". The Muslim World. 19 (2): 151–155. ISSN 0027-4909.
- Radday, Yehuda T. (1982). "The Four Rivers of Paradise". Hebrew Studies. 23. JSTOR 27908758.
- El-Zein, Amira (January 2012), "Water of Paradise", Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān, Brill,
- Haupt, Paul (1896). "The rivers of Paradise". Proceeeding of the American Oriental Society. 16: cii–cv. JSTOR 592493.
- Emma Clark (1996). Underneath which Rivers Flow: The Symbolism of the Islamic Garden. Prince of Wales's Institute of Architecture. OCLC 1023956991.
- Grant, Robert M. (1992). "Early Christian Geography". Vigiliae Christianae. 46 (2): 105–111. JSTOR 1583784.