Robert Karplus

Robert Karplus (February 23, 1927 – March 20, 1990) was a

Early life

Robert Karplus was born in

and included both experimental and theoretical work. He was recognized by those he worked with for his brilliance, originality, energy, and cheerful, positive outlook.

His grandfather Johann Paul Karplus (1866–1936) was a highly acclaimed professor of psychiatry at the University of Vienna.^[3] He is nephew, by marriage, of the famous sociologist, philosopher and musicologist Theodor W. Adorno and grandnephew of the physicist Robert von Lieben. His brother is Nobel laureate Martin Karplus, a Harvard chemist.

Early career in physics

After completing his education Karplus worked at the

, used QED to calculate the value of the magnetic moment of the electron. This was an extremely difficult calculation, requiring more than a year of intense effort from both men; the agreement between their result and the experimental measurements was the first, dramatic confirmation of QED.

Karplus continued his work at the highest level in theoretical physics for more than 10 years, at Harvard from 1950 to 1954 and then at the

has over 1100 journal citations.

Family life

In 1948, Karplus married Elizabeth Frazier, whom he had met at an international folk dance group he organized while at Harvard. They had seven children born between 1950 and 1962. When the oldest child, Beverly, was 8, Karplus accepted her invitation to present a science lesson on electricity to her third-grade class, using the Wimshurst machine he had inherited from his grandfather. Unfortunately, while the children enjoyed the demonstration, the lesson was a conceptual disaster. This stimulated Karplus to think about how to teach science better, and as the other children entered school, he continued to visit their classes on a "show and tell" basis with various science experiments or demonstrations. Conversing with his children and their classmates, he became increasingly interested in children's learning, reasoning, and science concept development.

His daughter Beverly Karplus Hartline became a noted physicist, science communicator, and academic administrator.^[5][6]

Second career in science education

Within a few years, Karplus had changed careers—from theoretical physics, to research on science and math learning, and then to curriculum developer. Karplus quickly learned what was already known about the development of thinking and reasoning, studying various psychologists, especially Jean Piaget. Characteristically, Karplus also immediately began generating his own questions about children's thinking, collecting evidence, and developing his own interpretations and explanations of what he observed.

Karplus’ new passion coincided, serendipitously, with the post-Sputnik wave of efforts to upgrade US science education. Beginning in the late 50s, many other scientists also devoted themselves to science education and the schools, but Karplus was from the start a leader at the elementary level. Initially there was substantial reluctance at the National Science Foundation (NSF) to fund science curriculum projects at the elementary level, but this was overcome in 1959, when Karplus and three colleagues received the first of many NSF grants for the improvement of science content at the elementary level. This work evolved into a monumental 15-year effort called the Science Curriculum Improvement Study (SCIS). Under the direction of Karplus and Herbert D. Thier, SCIS became a comprehensive, fully tested, hands-on, laboratory-based program in both physical and biological science for grades K-6.

Robert Karplus realized the importance of converting the SCIS elementary science materials into a systematic teaching process that would enable teachers to successfully use these materials while enabling students to learn and enjoy science. He, along with others, developed the learning cycle instructional strategy.

Karplus extended Piaget's theory to college students and adults; Piaget's theory included four stages, and he had documented children's thinking in great detail, finding that most children made the transition from the 3rd stage (concrete operations) to the 4th stage (abstract reasoning) by about 16 years of age. Karplus, however, extended Piaget's methodology to older groups and found that many of these individuals had important gaps in their ability to use abstract reasoning in solving scientific, logical, and mathematical problems. His most famous test of proportional reasoning was the Mr. Tall-Mr. Short problem. Karplus further explored and documented the details of college students’ and adults’ thinking as they confronted the issues involved in this critical intellectual transition, finding that many of the issues and problems that he, Piaget, and others had discovered as critical for younger students were still relevant for older individuals, particularly when they were attempting to solve a problem in a discipline that was new to them.

In 1977 Karplus was elected president of the

in Chemical Physics at Harvard is named after him.

Later life

In June 1982 while jogging at Green Lake in

Seattle, Washington

, Karplus suffered a severe cardiac arrest that ended his academic career. After an eight-year illness, he died on March 20, 1990.

Appointments, honors and awards, and books

Appointments

• 1948-50 F. B. Jewett Fellow, Institute of Advanced Study, Princeton University
• 1950-54 Assistant professor of physics, Harvard University
• 1954-58 Associate professor of physics, University of California, Berkeley
• 1958-1982 Professor of Physics, University of California, Berkeley
• 1960-61 Guggenheim Fellow and Fulbright Research Grantee
• 1962-63 Visiting professor, University of Maryland
• 1969-1982 Associate director, Lawrence Hall of Science
• 1973-74 Guggenheim Fellow and visiting professor, M. I. T.
• 1961-77 Director, Science Curriculum Improvement Study
• 1975-1982 Director, Intellectual Development Project
• 1976-77 Acting director, Lawrence Hall of Science
• 1976-1979 Director, CAUSE Project
• 1978-1980 Chairman, Graduate Group in Science and Mathematics Education (SESAME) [7]
• 1980 Dean, School of education, University of California, Berkeley (1)

(1) He resigned as dean within a few weeks when it became clear he would not be allowed to make changes he believed were necessary.

Honors and awards

• Fellow of American Physical Society
• Distinguished Service Citation, American Association of Physics Teachers, 1972
• National Science Teachers Association Award for Distinguished Service to Science Education, 1978
• President, American Association of Physics Teachers, 1977
• Honorary degree, Doctor of Philosophy, University of Gothenburg, 1980
• Oersted Medal, American Association of Physics Teachers, 1981

Books

• R. Karplus and H. D. Thier., A New Look at Elementary School Science. Chicago: Rand McNally and Co., 1967.
• R. Karplus, Introductory Physics: A Model Approach. W. A. Benjamin, New York, 1969; reissued in 2003 by Fernand Brunschwig (editor), Captains Engineering Services (publisher).^[8]
• R. Karplus (Ed.), Physics and Man, W. A. Benjamin, Inc., New York, 1970.

References

Further reading

• Fuller, Robert G., ed. (2002). A Love of Discovery: Science Education—The Second Career of Robert Karplus.
  ISBN 978-0-306-46687-8
  .
• Burciaga, Juan R. (April 2007). "Review of A Love of Discovery: Science Education—The Second Career of Robert Karplus by Robert G. Fuller". Am. J. Phys. 75 (4): 383–384.
  doi:10.1119/1.2710489
  .
• Karplus, Robert (2003). ""Robert Karplus—A Portrait". In Brunschwig, Fernand (ed.). Introductory Physics: A Model Approach (2nd ed.). Captains Engineering Services Inc.