Rood

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For the obsolete units of area and length, see Rood (unit). For the surname and other uses, see Rood (disambiguation).
Hanging rood with no rood screen but with Mary (left) and John as attendant figures[clarification needed] – in Lye Church on the island of Gotland in Sweden
Wechselburg
in Saxony

A rood or rood cross, sometimes known as a triumphal cross,

medieval church.[2]
Alternatively, it is a large sculpture or painting of the crucifixion of Jesus.

Derivation

Rood is an archaic word for pole, from

Proto-Germanic *rodo, cognate to Old Saxon rōda, Old High German ruoda 'rod'.[3]

Rood was originally the only Old English word for the instrument of

Shakespeare's Hamlet
(Act 3, Scene 4).

The alternative term triumphal cross (

Christus triumphans) won over death.[5]

The 800-year-old cross in the Stenkumla Church on Gotland shows the origin of the name Christus triumphans: the crucified figure wears a crown and "shoes" of a ruler.

Position

In church architecture the rood, or rood cross, is a life-sized crucifix displayed on the central axis of a church, normally at the chancel arch. The earliest roods hung from the top of the chancel arch (rood arch), or rested on a plain "rood beam" across it, usually at the level of the capitals of the columns. This original arrangement is still found in many churches in Germany and Scandinavia, although many other surviving crosses now hang on walls.

If the choir is separated from the church interior by a rood screen, the rood cross is placed on, or more rarely in front of, the screen.[6][7] Under the rood is usually the altar of the Holy Cross.

History

Numerous near life-size crucifixes survive from the

feast days.[10]

Components

Rood cross on rood screen at Albi Cathedral, France

Image of Christ

In the Romanesque era the crucified Christ was presented as ruler and judge. Instead of a crown of thorns he wears a crown or a halo; on his feet he wears "shoes" as a sign of the ruler. He is victorious over death. His feet are parallel to each other on the wooden support ("four-nail type") and not one on top of the other.[11] The perizoma (loincloth) is highly stylized and falls in vertical folds.

In the transition to the Gothic style, the triumphant Christ becomes a suffering Christ, the pitiful Man of Sorrows. Instead of the ruler's crown, he wears the crown of thorns, his feet are placed one above the other and are pierced with a single nail. His facial expression and posture express his pain. The wounds of the body are often dramatically portrayed. The loincloth is no longer so clearly stylized. The attendant figures Mary and John show signs of grief.[12]

Attendant figures

A triumphal cross may be surrounded by a group of people. These people may include Mary and John, the "beloved disciple" (based on

John's Gospel – John 19:25–27, Matthew 27:25f, Mark 15;40f and Luke 23:49
), but also apostles, angels and the benefactor.

  • The triumphal cross of Öja Church in Öja on Gotland stands on a transverse beam beneath the triumphal arch and is flanked by two people: Mary and John.
  • The triumphal cross in the
    abbey church of Wechselburg
    stands in an elevated position on the rood screen and also has the same pair of attendant figures.
  • The triumphal cross in Schwerin Cathedral is also flanked by Mary and John. At the end of the cross' beam the evangelist's symbols may be seen.
  • In St. Mary's Church in Osnabrück there are only the empty stone pedestals of the attendant figures.
  • The triumphal cross above the screen in Halberstadt Cathedral is not flanked by Mary and John, but by two angels.
  • On the supporting beam of the triumphal cross in Lübeck Cathedral there is also a bishop, presumably the benefactor of the cross.

Rood screens

Anglicans. The best medieval examples are now mostly in the Lutheran
countries such as Germany and Scandinavia, where they were often left undisturbed in country churches.

Rood screens are the Western equivalent of the

Eastern Orthodox iconostasis. Some rood screens incorporate a rood loft, a narrow gallery or just flat walkway which could be used to clean or decorate the rood or cover it up in Lent, or in larger examples used by singers or musicians. An alternative type of screen is the Pulpitum, as seen in Exeter Cathedral
, which is near the main altar of the church.

The rood provided a focus for worship, most especially in

Passion story would then be read from the rood loft, at the foot of the crucifix
, by three ministers.

Few original medieval rood crosses have survived in churches of the United Kingdom.[13] Most were deliberately destroyed as acts of iconoclasm during the English Reformation and the English Civil War, when many rood screens were also removed. Today, in many British churches, the "rood stair" that gave access to the gallery is often the only remaining sign of the former rood screen and rood loft.

In the 19th century, under the influence of the Oxford Movement, roods and screens were again added to many Anglican churches.

Representative examples

Germany

Sweden

Finland

United Kingdom

Charlton-on-Otmoor Garland

The Charlton-on-Otmoor rood in 2011
Two corn-dolly-like garlands formerly stood in the rood loft, as illustrated in 1823.[citation needed]
The single garland in the rood loft at Charlton-on-Otmoor, illustrated by J.H. Parker in 1840.

A unique rood exists at

Julian Calendar), when children from the local primary school, carrying small crosses decorated with flowers, bring a long, flower-decorated, rope-like garland. The cross is dressed or redecorated with locally obtained box foliage. The rope-like garland is hung across the rood screen during the "May Garland Service".[15]

An engraving from 1822/1823 (Dunkin) shows the dressed rood cross as a more open, foliage-covered framework, similar to certain types of

Benedictine Studley priory (as the statue of St Mary had been, until the Reformation). Meanwhile, the women of the village used to carry the smaller garland cross through Charlton,[15] though it seems that this ceased some time between 1823 and 1840, when an illustration in J.H. Parker's A Glossary of Terms Used in Grecian, Roman, Italian, and Gothic Architecture shows only one garland cross, centrally positioned on the rood screen.[16]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Gothic Sculpture, 1140-1300 by Paul Williamson (1998). Retrieved 26 Oct 2014.
  2. ^ Curl, James Stevens (2006). Oxford Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture, 2nd ed., OUP, p. 658.
    ISBN 978-0-19-860678-9
    .
  3. ^ Oxford English Dictionary, "Rood"
  4. ^ Oxford English Dictionary, "Cross", and "Crucifix"
  5. ^ Margarete Luise Goecke-Seischab / Jörg Ohlemacher: Kirchen erkunden, Kirchen erschließen, Ernst Kaufmann, Lahr 1998, p. 232
  6. ^ E.g. in the abbey church of Wechselburg
  7. ^ In England the name "rood screen" indicates that there is a (monumental) cross, even if the original cross has not survived.
  8. ^ Schiller, 141–146
  9. ^ Dodwell, 210–215
  10. ^ Schiller, 140
  11. ^ Torsten Droste: Romanische Kunst in Frankreich, DuMont Kunstreiseführer, Cologne, 1992(2), pp. 32f
  12. ^ Formen der Kunst. Teil II. Die Kunst im Mittelalter, bearbeitet von Wilhelm Drixelius, Verlag M. Lurz, Munich, o.J. p. 71 and p. 88
  13. ^ Duffy, 1992, page not cited
  14. ^ Sherwood & Pevsner, 1974, page 530
  15. ^ a b Hole, 1978, pages 113–114
  16. ^ Parker, 1840, page not cited

References

Further reading

External links

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