Sheikh Khazal rebellion

Khazal ibn Jabir Al-Kabi
Youssef Khan Mujahid^[2]

Sheikh Khazal rebellion

Khuzestan (also known as Arabistan) had become an autonomous functioning region^[5] and remained much out of the reach of the central government by 1923. Prior to the rise of Reza Khan, Foreign influence was destroying Iran's independence and destabilizing the country. During the Constitutional Revolution, Iranians tried to break the Anglo-Russian control in their government but they failed. Soon after Iran turned into a battlefield during World War 1, which led to Britain's forces occupying much of Iran and controlling Tehran's governments. Consequently, Tabriz, Rasht, and Mashhad resisted Tehran's orders and the tribes (one quarter of the population) ignored central government authority. Iran's leaders responded to this situation in four ways; with a British policy, a pro-Russian policy, a third power policy, and with isolation.^[6][7] Sheikh Khazal was supported by the British, who sent him some 3,000 arms and additional ammunition by 1919.^[7] He had been collecting taxes, but in fact paid a very small fraction to the central government.^[7]

In 1921, realizing the threat posed by Reza Khan, who had just staged a coup d'état with

Sheikh Khazal and Bakhtiari Khan's met between April 29 and May 2, 1922, in Dar-e Khazinah to establish a cooperation; another meeting between the parties in Ahvaz produced a formal document that Khazal and Bakhtiaris would cooperate in every respect, although both would "continue to serve Iranian government faithfully and loyally".^[3] The agreement was an important step which paved the way to the establishment of the Southern League.^[3] The nucleus of the alliance, based on Sheikh Khazal and the Bakhtiaris, later tried to attract additional elements, including the Vali of Posht-e Kuh, Qavam ol-Molk of Khamsah and possibly Sawlat ol-Dowlat.^[3] The League however had no formal existence, being largely a temporary tribal confederation with common interests.

Conflict

1922 events

In July 1922, a column of 274 Iranian soldiers, including 12 officers under command of Colonel Hasan Agha, were sent by Reza Khan to Khuzestan through Bakhriari mountains to put pressure on Sheikh Khazal.^[3] The Bakhtiaris, unaware that the column was designated to Khuzestan and thinking their aim was to occupy their land, attacked them and destroyed the force.^[2] Only a handful of Iranian soldiers escaped the massacre.^[2] Enraged Reza Khan swore to take revenge on the incident; the Bakhtiaris however requested to be informed of such military operations in the future, in order to avoid misunderstandings. Reza Shah was however preoccupied with other troubles in Iranian frontier, most notably the Kurdish rebellion of Simko Shikak, preventing him from concentrating on retaliation towards the Bakhtiaris.^[3] The troubles with Bakhtiaris however continued in mid-September, when two minor Sheikhs of Bakhtiaris destroyed the village of Chughurt.^[3]

Negotiations

On 23 October 1923, Khazal was demanded to yield much of his possessions to the government, but the Sheikh rejected.

He then turned to

Indifference from the Qajar court and the refusal of the British to lend him support ultimately led Khazal to go to the League of Nations in 1924 in an effort to gain international recognition of his sheikhdom and to gather support for the separation of his territory from Iran. This effort, however, ended in failure. Prior to the rise of Reza Shah, Khazal had never attempted to separate his sheikhdom from Qajar Persia, to which he had maintained staunch loyalty.^{[citation needed]}

November 1924

In November 1924, Reza Pahlavi sent 3,000 soldiers to subdue the rebellious Sheikh.^[8] Two task forces were set, one for Dezful headed by Major-General Ayrom and another, under General Zahedi and Colonel Ali Akbar Javaheri-Farsi, were set from Isfahan and Shiraz through the Zagros mountains into Khuzestan plain. The force under General Zahedi and Javaheri-Farsi defeated the Bakhtiari tribe who were Khazal's allies and submitted other Bakhtiaris into submission as well. Reza's arrival to Bushehr and concentration of Iranian soldiers around Ahwaz were enough to convince the Sheikh to seek a negotiated settlement.^[9] Because of Colonel Javaheri-Farsi bravery and leadership during the conflict and hatred by remaining Shikh’s defeated supporters , Colonel Ali Akbar Javaheri-Farsi was ambushed one early morning and was assassinated in Ahvaz. He remains one of the heroes of the liberation of Khuzestan province in Iran up to now.

Khazal then turned to the British for help,

Later that spring Reza Shah made two attempts to convince Khaz'al to meet him in Tehran to discuss his position in the new government. However, Khazal was suspicious of Reza Shah's motives and refused to go there himself, instead stating that he would send an emissary. A few weeks later in April 1925, Reza Shah ordered one of his commanders, who had a friendly relationship with Khazal, to meet Khazal ostensibly to convince him to journey to Tehran. The commander, General Fazlollah Zahedi, accompanied by several government officials, met with Khazal and spent an evening with him on board his yacht, anchored in the Shatt al-Arab river.

Later that evening a gunboat led by Meguertitch Khan Davidkhanian, sent by Reza Shah, stealthily made its way next to the yacht, which was then immediately boarded by fifty Persian marines. The soldiers arrested Khazal and took him by motorboat down the river to Mohammerah, where a car was waiting to take him to the military base in Ahvaz. From there he was taken to Dezful, accompanied by his son, and then to the city of Khorramabad in Lorestan, and then eventually to Tehran. Upon his arrival, Khazal was warmly greeted and well received by Reza Shah, who assured him that his problems would be quickly settled, and that in the meantime, he would be treated very well. However, many of his personal assets in Iran were quickly liquidated and his properties eventually came under the domain of the Imperial government after Reza Shah was crowned the new Shah. The sheikhdom was abolished and the provincial authority took full control of regional affairs destroying any form of local Arab autonomy.

Further ethnic tensions

Khazal spent the rest of his life under virtual house arrest, unable to travel beyond Tehran's city limits. He was able to retain ownership of his properties in Kuwait and Iraq, where he was exempted from taxation. He died in May 1936 while alone in his house, as earlier in the day his servants had been taken to court by the police. It is said that he did not die of natural causes, but that he was murdered by one of the guards stationed outside his house under direct orders from Reza Shah.

See also

• Al Sabah
• Politics of Khuzestan Province
• History of Khuzestan

Further reading

• Shahnavaz, Shahbaz (2013). "Ḵazʿal Khan". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. XVI, Fasc. 2. pp. 188–197.

References