Shoal Bay, New Zealand
Shoal Bay | |
---|---|
Location | Auckland Region, New Zealand |
Coordinates | 36°49′S 174°46′E / 36.81°S 174.77°E |
River sources | Hillcrest Creek, Onepoto Stream |
Ocean/sea sources | Pacific Ocean |
Settlements | Bayswater, Hauraki, Northcote, Takapuna |
Shoal Bay (Māori: Oneoneroa)[1] is a bay of the Waitematā Harbour in Auckland, New Zealand. It is located on the North Shore.
Geography
Shoal Bay is located on the North Shore, separating Northcote from Takapuna.[2] It is a drowned river valley that flooded during the last glacial period. Formerly the mouth of the Wairau Valley creek, the creek changed course to Milford after Lake Pupuke erupted, approximately 140,000 years ago.[3]
There are two volcanic craters found on the western shores of Shoal Bay: Tank Farm, also known as Tuff Crater or Te Kōpua ō Matakamokamo,[4] joined to the south by Onepoto (also known as Te Kōpua ō Matakerepo).[5][6] Onepoto and Tank Farm erupted an estimated 187,600 and 181,000 years ago respectively.[7]
Two streams flow into Shoal Bay. The Onepoto Stream flows east through Birkenhead and Northcote, entering Shoal Bay south of Onewa Road.[8][9] Hillcrest Creek flows east through Hillcrest and Northcote, entering the Waitematā Harbour at Shoal Bay, east of the Auckland Northern Motorway.[10] A traditional recorded name for Hillcrest Creek is Wakatatere "The Drifting Canoe", a name which recalls an incident where a tapu waka drifted into the stream at high tide.[11][12] A tributary of Hillcrest Stream, Awataha Stream, flowed through Northcote Central until the 1950s, when the stream was undergrounded. In 2019, work began to daylight the stream.[13]
Two beaches were formerly located along the western shores of Shoal Bay: the City of Cork Beach and Sulphur Beach.[14][15] These locations were reclaimed in the 1950s, and are now located beneath the Auckland Northern Motorway.[16]
Barrys Point is a headland south of Esmonde Road that extends into Shoal Bay, between Northcote and Takapuna.[17]
History
The traditional Tāmaki Māori name for Shoal Bay is Oneoneroa, meaning "Long Sands"; a name which also referred to Sulphur Beach.[12] The upper reaches of Shoal bay were called Waipaoraora, referring to how the spring tides did not fully cover the shallow parts of the estuary.[12]
Māori settlement of the Auckland Region began around the 13th or 14th centuries.[18][19] The Tainui migratory canoe visited Northcote, stopping at Ngā Huru-a-Taiki, a sacred tree on the cliffs south-east of Tank Farm.[20] The Shoal Bay area was used to harvest shellfish, and the volcanic soil at Northcote allowed for kūmara cultivation.[21] Te Onewa Pā was constructed at the Northcote headland at the mouth of Shoal Bay, was prized for its strategic location and view over the Waitematā Harbour, and protected fisheries and kūmara gardens of the nearby volcanic soil.[22][23]
A portage at Takapuna allowed for waka to pass overland between Shoal Bay and St Leonards Bay in the Hauraki Gulf.[24][25]
From the 1840s, European settlers established sawmills at Shoal Bay, primarily focusing on logging the
By the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Sulphur Beach had become a popular spot for tourists and picnickers.
In 1959, the Auckland Harbour Bridge and Auckland Northern Motorway were opened in Auckland, crossing the Waitematā Harbour.[35] The motorway was constructed on reclaimed land along the western shore of Shoal Bay, leading to the destruction of Sulphur Beach and City of Cork Beach.[16] During the 1960s, the Onepoto Basin, formerly open to the harbour, was drained and redeveloped into recreational facilities.[36][37]
Environment
To the north of Bayswater, Shoal Bay is a DoC high priority site of special wildlife interest, SSWI, because of its significance for wading birds. Many shore birds graze in this significant estuary. Every year, the bar-tailed godwit migrates from Alaska to New Zealand. About 200 come to the Shoal Bay estuary in March to feed, relax, and then return.
Shoal Bay is also home to the
References
- ^ "Lansdowne Reserve". Auckland Council. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
- ^ "Place name detail: Shoal Bay". New Zealand Gazetteer. New Zealand Geographic Board. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-927169-21-6. Archived from the original(PDF) on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
- ^ "Tuff Crater Path". Auckland Council. Retrieved 28 June 2022.
- Toitū Te Whenua Land Information New Zealand. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
- ^ Hayward, Bruce (December 2009). Tank Farm Volcano Geology (PDF) (Report). Forest & Bird. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 April 2017.
- S2CID 216443777.
- Toitū Te Whenua Land Information New Zealand. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
- Toitū Te Whenua Land Information New Zealand. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
- Toitū Te Whenua Land Information New Zealand. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
- ^ Christmas, Judith 1983, pp. 6–7.
- ^ Wikidata Q58677091.
- ^ Clark-Dow, Emma (24 September 2022). "The Awataha Project: How unearthing a stream is bringing a community to life". Retrieved 6 December 2023.
- Toitū Te Whenua Land Information New Zealand. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
- Toitū Te Whenua Land Information New Zealand. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
- ^ a b Holman, Dinah (January 2002). "Northcote Point Walk" (PDF). North Shore City. Retrieved 5 December 2023.
- Toitū Te Whenua Land Information New Zealand. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
- ^ Pishief, Elizabeth; Shirley, Brendan (August 2015). "Waikōwhai Coast Heritage Study" (PDF). Auckland Council. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
- Waka Kotahi NZ Transport Agency. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
- ^ Northcote Framework Plan (PDF) (Report). Eke Panuku. November 2016. Retrieved 5 December 2023.
- ^ Verran, David 2010, pp. 17.
- ^ Ngāi Tai Ki Tāmaki and the Trustees of the Ngāi Tai Ki Tāmaki Trust and the Crown (7 November 2015). "Deed of settlement schedule documents" (PDF). NZ Government. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
- ^ Rāwiri, Mahuika (24 August 2018). Cultural Values Assessment: AC36 Consent Application (Te Waitematā) (PDF) (Report). Waitangi Tribunal. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
- ^ Hooker, Brian (September 1997). "Portages of early Auckland - to and from the Waitemata Harbour: The hub of an ancient communications network". Auckland-Waikato Historical Journal (70): 39–40. Retrieved 21 July 2022.
- NZ Transport Agency. Retrieved 21 July 2022.
- Wikidata Q123755661.
- ^ Verran, David 2010, pp. 90.
- ^ a b Christmas, Judith 1983, pp. 13.
- ^ Christmas, Judith 1983, pp. 11.
- ^ Christmas, Judith 1983, pp. 14.
- ^ Christmas, Judith 1983, pp. 19.
- ^ Verran, David 2010, pp. 96.
- ^ "Shipping. Auckland Star". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. 9 May 1913. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
- ^ "Idle shipping. Auckland Star". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
- ISBN 9781927167038.
- ^ Christmas, Judith 1983, pp. 41.
- ^ "Onepoto Basin drainage". Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections. N0113164. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
- ^ Williams, David (13 June 2022). "Marina Development Threatens Shoal Bay Birds, Say Residents". tewahanui.nz. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
- ^ "North Shore - Protecting Our Environment". www.forestandbird.org.nz. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
Bibliography
- Christmas, Judith (1983), A History of Northcote, Northcote Borough Council, Wikidata Q123591383
- Verran, David (2010). The North Shore: An Illustrated History. North Shore: Wikidata Q120520385.