Sinatruces of Parthia
| Sinatruces | |
|---|---|
Arsacid dynasty | |
| Father | Mithridates I (?) |
| Religion | Zoroastrianism |
Sinatruces (also spelled Sinatrukes or Sanatruces) was king of the Parthian Empire from c. 75 BC to c. 69 BC.[a] Some sources (incl. G. R. Farhad Assar[2] and Edward Dąbrowa[3]) indicate that he could have been a son of the Parthian ruler Mithridates I (r. 171–132 BC), and a half-brother of Phraates II. David Sellwood, historian, designates Sinatruces as a probably younger brother of Mithridates I.[4] Sinatruces was succeeded by his son Phraates III.
Reign
The Parthian Empire had since the death of
Sakastan.[8]
During Sinatruces' reign, the
Gordyene, Adiabene, Osroene, and northern Mesopotamia.[9] Sinatruces died in 69 BC and was succeeded by his son Phraates III.[10] Contemporary historian, Saghi Gazerani, has come up with the hypothesis that the story of the legendary Iranian monarch, Zav Tahmasp, contains echoes of the life of Sinatruces.[11]
Coinage
On the obverse of his coins, Sinatruces is portrayed with a tiara decorated with a line of stags.[12] The stags are a reference to the religious symbolism of the Saka, who had helped him ascend the throne.[13] Sinatruces' son Phraates III also made use of stag symbols on his coins.[12]
Notes
- ^ According to Assar (2006, pp. 52–53), Sinatruces reigned twice, from 93/2 to 88/7 BC, and then from 77/6 to 70/69 BC. However, this is not supported by other scholars, who state that Sinatruces only reigned once during the 70s BC.[1]
References
- ^ Kia 2016, p. 195; Dąbrowa 2012, p. 169; Olbrycht 2016, pp. 23–24; Shayegan 2011, p. 235; Curtis 2012, p. 69; Simonetta 2001, p. 86
- ^ Assar, G. R. F. (2005). "Genealogy and coinage of the early Parthian ruler, Part II". Parthica (7). Istituti ditoriali e Poligrafici internationali MMV: 29–63.
- ^ Dąbrowa, E. (2012b). "The Arsacids and their state". Altertum und Gegenwart: 125 Jahre Alte Geschichte: 30.
- ^ Ellerbrock, Uwe (2021). The Parthians: The Forgotten Empire. Routledge. p. 36.
- ^ Dąbrowa 2012, p. 171.
- ^ Olbrycht 2015, pp. 362–363; Olbrycht 2016, pp. 23–24; Shayegan 2011, p. 235
- ^ Olbrycht 2016, p. 3.
- ^ Gazerani 2015, p. 20.
- ^ Garsoian 2005; Shayegan 2011, pp. 245, 320; Dąbrowa 2012, p. 171
- ^ Kia 2016, p. 195; Dąbrowa 2012, p. 169; Olbrycht 2015, p. 363; Shayegan 2011, p. 235
- ^ Gazerani 2015, pp. 87–88.
- ^ a b Olbrycht 2015, p. 363.
- ^ Olbrycht 2015, pp. 362–363.
Sources
- Assar, Gholamreza F. (2006). A Revised Parthian Chronology of the Period 91-55 BC. Vol. 8: Papers Presented to David Sellwood. Istituti Editoriali e Poligrafici Internazionali. )
- Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh (2007). "Religious iconography on ancient Iranian coins". Journal of Late Antiquity. London: 413–434.
- Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh (2012). "Parthian coins: Kingship and Divine Glory". The Parthian Empire and its Religions. Computus Druck Satz & Verlag. pp. 67–83. ISBN 9783940598134.
- Dąbrowa, Edward (2007). "The Parthian Kingship". History of the Ancient Near East / Monographs. XI: 123–134.
- Dąbrowa, Edward (2010). "Arsakes Epiphanes. Were the Arsacids Deities 'Revealed'?". Studi Ellenistici. XXIV: 223–231.
- Dąbrowa, Edward (2012). "The Arsacid Empire". In ISBN 978-0-19-987575-7.
- Dąbrowa, Edward (2013). "The Parthian Aristocracy: its Social Position and Political Activity". Parthica. 15: 53–62.
- Dąbrowa, Edward (2018). "Arsacid Dynastic Marriages". Electrum. 25: 73–83. .
- Garsoian, Nina (2005). "Tigran II". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
- Gazerani, Saghi (2015). The Sistani Cycle of Epics and Iran's National History: On the Margins of Historiography. BRILL. pp. 1–250. ISBN 9789004282964.
- Kia, Mehrdad (2016). The Persian Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1610693912.
- Marciak, Michał (2017). Sophene, Gordyene, and Adiabene: Three Regna Minora of Northern Mesopotamia Between East and West. BRILL. ISBN 9789004350724.
- Olbrycht, Marek Jan (1997). "Parthian King's tiara - Numismatic evidence and some aspects of Arsacid political ideology". Notae Numismaticae. 2: 27–61.
- Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2015). "Arsacid Iran and the nomads of Central Asia – Ways of cultural transfer". Complexity of Interaction along the Eurasian Steppe Zone in the First Millenium CE. Bonn Contributions to Asian Archaeology. Vol. 7. Bonn. pp. 333–390.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2016). "Dynastic Connections in the Arsacid Empire and the Origins of the House of Sāsān". In Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh; Pendleton, Elizabeth J.; Alram, Michael; Daryaee, Touraj (eds.). The Parthian and Early Sasanian Empires: Adaptation and Expansion. Oxbow Books. ISBN 9781785702082.
- ISBN 978-0199733309.
- Schmitt, Rüdiger (2005). "Personal Names, Iranian iv. Parthian Period". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
- Shayegan, M. Rahim (2011). Arsacids and Sasanians: Political Ideology in Post-Hellenistic and Late Antique Persia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–539. ISBN 9780521766418.
- Simonetta, Alberto M. (2001). "A Proposed Revision of the Attributions of the Parthian Coins Struck during the So-called 'Dark Age' and Its Historical Significance". East and West. 51 (1/2). Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente (IsIAO). ISSN 0012-8376.