Muslim conquest of Khorasan: Difference between revisions

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After the Abbasid took over the Khurasan, it was given by the Abbasid under the rule Authority of [[Saffarid dynasty|Saffarids]], a [[Muslim]] [[Persianate]]<ref>''The Islamization of Central Asia in the Samanid era and the reshaping of the Muslim world'', D.G. Tor, '''Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies''', University of London , Vol. 72, No. 2 (2009), 281;"''The Saffārids were the first of the Persianate dynasties to arise from the remains of the politically moribund ʿAbbāsid caliphate''".</ref> dynasty from [[Sistan]] that ruled over parts of [[Greater Iran|eastern Iran]],<ref>''The Cambridge History of Iran'', by Richard Nelson Frye, William Bayne Fisher, John Andrew Boyle (Cambridge University Press, 1975: ISBN 0-521-20093-8), pg. 121.</ref><ref>''The Encyclopedia of World History'', ed. Peter N. Stearns and William Leonard Langer (Houghton Mifflin, 2001), 115.</ref> [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]], [[Name of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] and [[Balochistan region|Balochistan]] from 861 to 1003.<ref name="Bosworth">[[Clifford Edmund Bosworth]], ''Encyclopædia Iranica'' [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/saffarids SAFFARIDS]</ref> The dynasty, of Persian origin,<ref>"''First, the Saffarid amirs and maliks were rulers of Persian stock who for centuries championed the cause of the underdog against the might of the Abbasid caliphs.''" -- Savory, Roger M.. "''The History of the Saffarids of Sistan and the Maliks of Nimruz (247/861 to 949/1542-3).''" The Journal of the American Oriental Society. 1996</ref><ref>"''The provincial Persian Ya'kub, on the other hand, rejoiced in his plebeian origins, denounced the Abbasids as usurpers, and regarded both the caliphs and such governors from aristocratic Arab families as the Tahirids with contempt''". -- Ya'kub b. al-Layth al Saffar, C.E. Bosworth, '''The Encyclopaedia of Islam''', Vol. XI, p 255</ref><ref>''Saffarids: A Persian dynasty.....''", '''Encyclopedia of Arabic Literature''', Volume 2, edited by Julie Scott Meisami, Paul Starkey, p674</ref><ref>"''There were many local Persian dynasties, including the Tahirids, the Saffarids....''", '''Middle East, Western Asia, and Northern Africa''', by Ali Aldosari, p472.</ref><ref>"''Saffarid, the Coppersmith, the epithet of the founder of this Persian dynasty...''", ''The Arabic Contributions to the English Language: An Historical Dictionary'', by Garland Hampton Cannon, p288.</ref><ref>"''The Saffarids, the first Persian dynasty, to challenge the Abbasids...''", ''Historical Dictionary of the Ismailis'', by Farhad Daftary, p51.</ref> was founded by [[Ya'qub bin Laith as-Saffar]], a native of Sistan and a local [[ayyar]], who worked as a coppersmith (''ṣaffār'') before becoming a [[warlord]]. He seized control of the Sistan region and began conquering most of Iran and Afghanistan, as well as parts of Pakistan, Tajikestan and Uzbekistan.
After the Abbasid took over the Khurasan, it was given by the Abbasid under the rule Authority of [[Saffarid dynasty|Saffarids]], a [[Muslim]] [[Persianate]]<ref>''The Islamization of Central Asia in the Samanid era and the reshaping of the Muslim world'', D.G. Tor, '''Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies''', University of London , Vol. 72, No. 2 (2009), 281;"''The Saffārids were the first of the Persianate dynasties to arise from the remains of the politically moribund ʿAbbāsid caliphate''".</ref> dynasty from [[Sistan]] that ruled over parts of [[Greater Iran|eastern Iran]],<ref>''The Cambridge History of Iran'', by Richard Nelson Frye, William Bayne Fisher, John Andrew Boyle (Cambridge University Press, 1975: ISBN 0-521-20093-8), pg. 121.</ref><ref>''The Encyclopedia of World History'', ed. Peter N. Stearns and William Leonard Langer (Houghton Mifflin, 2001), 115.</ref> [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]], [[Name of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] and [[Balochistan region|Balochistan]] from 861 to 1003.<ref name="Bosworth">[[Clifford Edmund Bosworth]], ''Encyclopædia Iranica'' [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/saffarids SAFFARIDS]</ref> The dynasty, of Persian origin,<ref>"''First, the Saffarid amirs and maliks were rulers of Persian stock who for centuries championed the cause of the underdog against the might of the Abbasid caliphs.''" -- Savory, Roger M.. "''The History of the Saffarids of Sistan and the Maliks of Nimruz (247/861 to 949/1542-3).''" The Journal of the American Oriental Society. 1996</ref><ref>"''The provincial Persian Ya'kub, on the other hand, rejoiced in his plebeian origins, denounced the Abbasids as usurpers, and regarded both the caliphs and such governors from aristocratic Arab families as the Tahirids with contempt''". -- Ya'kub b. al-Layth al Saffar, C.E. Bosworth, '''The Encyclopaedia of Islam''', Vol. XI, p 255</ref><ref>''Saffarids: A Persian dynasty.....''", '''Encyclopedia of Arabic Literature''', Volume 2, edited by Julie Scott Meisami, Paul Starkey, p674</ref><ref>"''There were many local Persian dynasties, including the Tahirids, the Saffarids....''", '''Middle East, Western Asia, and Northern Africa''', by Ali Aldosari, p472.</ref><ref>"''Saffarid, the Coppersmith, the epithet of the founder of this Persian dynasty...''", ''The Arabic Contributions to the English Language: An Historical Dictionary'', by Garland Hampton Cannon, p288.</ref><ref>"''The Saffarids, the first Persian dynasty, to challenge the Abbasids...''", ''Historical Dictionary of the Ismailis'', by Farhad Daftary, p51.</ref> was founded by [[Ya'qub bin Laith as-Saffar]], a native of Sistan and a local [[ayyar]], who worked as a coppersmith (''ṣaffār'') before becoming a [[warlord]]. He seized control of the Sistan region and began conquering most of Iran and Afghanistan, as well as parts of Pakistan, Tajikestan and Uzbekistan.

In 901, [[Amr Saffari]] was defeated at the battle of [[Balkh]] by the Persian Samanids, which reduced the Saffarid dynasty to a minor tributary in Sistan.<ref>''The Development of Persian Culture under the Early Ghaznavids'', C.E. Bosworth, 34.</ref>

In 1002, [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] invaded Sistan, dethroned [[Khalaf I]] and finally ended the Saffarid dynasty.<ref>C.E. Bosworth, ''The Ghaznavids 994-1040'', (Edinburgh University Press, 1963), 89.</ref>


==Notes==
==Notes==

Revision as of 11:51, 4 January 2015

During Rashidun and Umayyad era

Rayy. Ahnaf then marched north direct to Merv, in present Turkmenistan.[1] Merv was the capital of Khurasan and here Yazdegerd III held his court. On hearing of the Muslim advance, Yazdegerd III
left for Balkh. No resistance was offered at Merv, and the Muslims occupied the capital of Khurasan without a fight.

In 651, Yazdegerd III was murdered by

Marw. Tabaristan was afterwards invaded by the Muslim Arabs. Farrukhzad, the previously minister of Yazdegerd, and ruler of Tabaristan, managed to repel the Arabs with the aid of Gil Gavbara and make a treaty with them. The Arabs then invaded Khorasan, and made a treaty with the kanarang of Tus, Kanadbak. In the treaty Kanadbak agreed to pay tribute to the Arabs while still remaining in control of his territories in Tus. In order to strengthen the weakened Karen family, and to reclaim lost Karenid territory, Burzin, along with another Karenid named Sawar Karin, made resistance to the Arabs and tried to reclaim territory from the Kanārangīyān family[2]

During Abbasid era

The widepsread discontent with late

Umayyad were exploited by Abu Muslim. who operated in the eastern province of Khurasan. this province was part of Iranian world that had been heavily colonised by Arab tribes following the Muslim conquest. with the intend of replacing Umayyad dynasty which is proved to be successful under the sign of the Black Standard.[3] Close to 10,000 soldiers were under Abu Muslim's command when the hostilities officially began in Marv
.

After the Abbasid took over the Khurasan, it was given by the Abbasid under the rule Authority of

Ya'qub bin Laith as-Saffar, a native of Sistan and a local ayyar, who worked as a coppersmith (ṣaffār) before becoming a warlord
. He seized control of the Sistan region and began conquering most of Iran and Afghanistan, as well as parts of Pakistan, Tajikestan and Uzbekistan.

In 901,

Amr Saffari was defeated at the battle of Balkh by the Persian Samanids, which reduced the Saffarid dynasty to a minor tributary in Sistan.[14]

In 1002,

Khalaf I and finally ended the Saffarid dynasty.[15]

Notes

  1. ^ The Muslim Conquest of Persia By A.I. Akram. Ch:17 ISBN 0-19-597713-0,
  2. ^ Pourshariati (2008), pp. 274
  3. Peter M. Holt
    , Ann K.S. Lambton and Bernard Lewis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. ISBN 9780521291354
  4. ^ The Islamization of Central Asia in the Samanid era and the reshaping of the Muslim world, D.G. Tor, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London , Vol. 72, No. 2 (2009), 281;"The Saffārids were the first of the Persianate dynasties to arise from the remains of the politically moribund ʿAbbāsid caliphate".
  5. ^ The Cambridge History of Iran, by Richard Nelson Frye, William Bayne Fisher, John Andrew Boyle (Cambridge University Press, 1975: ISBN 0-521-20093-8), pg. 121.
  6. ^ The Encyclopedia of World History, ed. Peter N. Stearns and William Leonard Langer (Houghton Mifflin, 2001), 115.
  7. ^ Clifford Edmund Bosworth, Encyclopædia Iranica SAFFARIDS
  8. ^ "First, the Saffarid amirs and maliks were rulers of Persian stock who for centuries championed the cause of the underdog against the might of the Abbasid caliphs." -- Savory, Roger M.. "The History of the Saffarids of Sistan and the Maliks of Nimruz (247/861 to 949/1542-3)." The Journal of the American Oriental Society. 1996
  9. ^ "The provincial Persian Ya'kub, on the other hand, rejoiced in his plebeian origins, denounced the Abbasids as usurpers, and regarded both the caliphs and such governors from aristocratic Arab families as the Tahirids with contempt". -- Ya'kub b. al-Layth al Saffar, C.E. Bosworth, The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. XI, p 255
  10. ^ Saffarids: A Persian dynasty.....", Encyclopedia of Arabic Literature, Volume 2, edited by Julie Scott Meisami, Paul Starkey, p674
  11. ^ "There were many local Persian dynasties, including the Tahirids, the Saffarids....", Middle East, Western Asia, and Northern Africa, by Ali Aldosari, p472.
  12. ^ "Saffarid, the Coppersmith, the epithet of the founder of this Persian dynasty...", The Arabic Contributions to the English Language: An Historical Dictionary, by Garland Hampton Cannon, p288.
  13. ^ "The Saffarids, the first Persian dynasty, to challenge the Abbasids...", Historical Dictionary of the Ismailis, by Farhad Daftary, p51.
  14. ^ The Development of Persian Culture under the Early Ghaznavids, C.E. Bosworth, 34.
  15. ^ C.E. Bosworth, The Ghaznavids 994-1040, (Edinburgh University Press, 1963), 89.
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