Arab conquest of Fars

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Arab conquest of Pars
Part of
Zoroastrian temple in Bishapur
Date638/9–650/1
Location
Pars
Result Rashidun victory
Belligerents
Sasanian Empire Rashidun Caliphate
Commanders and leaders
Yazdegerd III
Shahrag †
Mahak Surrendered
Al-Ala'a Al-Hadrami
Al-Jarud ibn Mu'alla †
Al-Sawwar ibn Hammam †
Khulayd ibn al-Mundhir ibn Sawa
'Ubayd Allah ibn Ma'mar †
Casualties and losses
Heavy Unknown, probably heavy

The Arab conquest of Pars took place from 638/9 to 650/1, and ended with subjugation of the

Fars or Persis, to the Rashidun Caliphate under Umar
.

The Arab invasion of Sasanian Pars took place in two phases. An initial

Uthman ibn Abi al-As al-Thaqafi that ultimately overran the province.[1]

The Sasanian emperor Yazdegerd III, who had travelled to Pars to command the defense against the Arabs, was forced to flee to Kirman. This ended Sasanian control or the territory, though its population would later rebel several times against Arab rule.[2]

History

Initial expedition and Sasanian counter-attack

The Arab conquest of Pars began in 638/9, when the Rashidun governor of

al-'Ala' ibn al-Hadrami, led a naval expedition against the Sasanians without the permission of Umar.[3]

The expedition proceeded to captured an island in the Persian Gulf, and, although al-'Ala' and the rest of the Arabs had been ordered to not invade Pars or its surrounding islands, he organized his army into three groups – one under Al-Jarud ibn Mu'alla, the second under Al-Sawwar ibn Hammam and the third under Khulayd ibn al-Mundhir ibn Sawa – and moved on the province.[4] When the first group entered Pars, it was quickly defeated and al-Jarud was killed. The same thing soon happened to the second group. However, things proved to be more fortunate with the third group; Khulayd managed to keep them on bay, but was unable to withdraw back to Bahrain due to the Sasanians blocking his way to the sea.[4] The Sasanians also burnt many of the ships of the Arab forces.[3]

Umar, upon hearing of al-'Ala's ill-fated naval expedition against Pars, dismissed him as governor and reassigned him to the Sasanian front in Iraq, where he was placed under the command of his rival

Utbah ibn Ghazwan to send reinforcements to assist Khulayd, who managed to withdraw back to Bahrain with some of his men, while the rest withdrew to Basra.[4]

Al-'Ala was replaced as governor of Bahrain by

Ta'if in 637.[5]

Second expedition and successful invasion

In ca. 643,

Uthman ibn Abi al-As al-Thaqafi seized Bishapur
, and made a peace treaty with the inhabitants of the city. In 19/644, al-'Ala' once again attacked Pars from Bahrain, reaching as far as
Estakhr, until he was repelled by the governor (marzban) of Pars, Shahrag.[2]

Al-Thaqafi later managed to establish a military base at Tawwaj, and shortly defeated and killed Shahrag near Rew-shahr, though some sources state that this action was carried out by his brother. A Persian convert to Islam, Hormoz ibn Hayyan al-'Abdi, was shortly sent by al-Thaqafi to attack a fortress known as Senez on the coast of Pars.[7]

After the accession of

Caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate on 11 November, the inhabitants of Bishapur under the leadership of Shahrag's brother declared independence, but were defeated.[7] The date for this revolt mains disputed, as the Persian historian al-Baladhuri states that it occurred in 646.[8]

In 648, 'Abd-Allah ibn al-'Ash'ari forced the governor of Estakhr, Mahak, to surrender the city. However, this was not the final conquest of Estakhr, as the inhabitants of the city subsequently rebelled in 649/50 while its newly appointed governor,

'Abd-Allah ibn 'Amir was trying to capture Gor. During the insurrection, the military governor of the province, 'Ubayd Allah ibn Ma'mar, was defeated and killed.[2]

In 650/1, the Sasanian emperor

Siraf, while Yazdegerd III fled to Kirman.[2] The flight of the emperor brought an end to the conflict and the Arab victory delivered the province into caliphal control. However, the inhabitants of the province would later rebel several times against Arab rule.[2]

References

  1. ^ Hinds 1984, p. 39.
  2. ^ a b c d e Morony 1986, pp. 203–210.
  3. ^ a b Shakir 2005, p. 83.
  4. ^ a b c Daryaee 1986, pp. 8–9.
  5. ^ a b Baloch 1946, p. 260–261.
  6. ^ Hinds 1984, p. 40.
  7. ^ a b Daryaee 1986, p. 12.
  8. ^ Daryaee 1986, p. 17.

Sources

  • Baloch, Nabi Bakhsh Khan (July 1946). "The Probable Date of the First Arab Expeditions to India"
    . Islamic Culture. 20 (3): 250–266.
  • Daryaee, Touraj (1986). Collapse of Sasanian Power in Fars. Fullerton, California: California State University. pp. 3–18.
  • doi:10.1080/05786967.1984.11834297 (inactive 31 January 2024).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (link
    )
  • Lambton, A. K. S. (1999). "FĀRS iii. History in the Islamic Period". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IX, Fasc. 4. pp. 337–341.
  • Morony, Michael (1986). "ʿARAB ii. Arab conquest of Iran". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 2. pp. 203–210.
  • ISBN 978-1-84511-645-3
    .
  • ISBN 9796500011394
    . Retrieved 21 November 2021.
  • ISBN 978-0-521-20093-6
    .

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