Stephen College

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Stephen College (also Colledge) was baptised as Stephen Golledge in Hertfordshire (1637–1681) was an English joiner, activist Protestant, and supporter of the

high treason
, on somewhat dubious evidence, in 1681.

Stephen College, 19th century mezzotint.

Life

He was born in 1637, and worked in the trade of

ballads
, and by inventing a weapon for self-defence at close quarters, which he called 'the Protestant flail'. He knew many persons of rank. He met his future wife Ann Enock of Swalcliffe Oxfordshire who was employed as a hand maiden by the Ann Countess of Rochester at Adderbury, [lee /wilmot] Stephen was employed by her son John Wilmot, the Earl of Rochester, at his house in Ditchley Oxfordhsire. T hey married and had a daughter Edith. the
Lord Chief Justice Scroggs, whom he hated for acquitting the royal physician, Sir George Wakeman, of the fabricated charge of attempting to assassinate the King by poison[2]

Trial and execution

When

whig sympathies. They packed a grand jury who returned a verdict of ignoramus, or “we do not know" (i.e., "we know of no reason why he should stand trial").[2]

The government then brought another prosecution, in Oxford.

Sir Robert Sawyer, the attorney-general, and gave papers to College. These papers on examination by the authorities were accounted seditious, or beyond the privileges of defensive counsel as then allowed by law. They were therefore seized. Only mutilated copies were given to the prisoner, after long discussion, when the trial began on 17 August 1681, before Lord Norreys, Lord-chief-justice North, and other judges.[3] The prisoner claimed, as a freeman of London, that he should be tried there, but he was told that for offences committed at Oxford he could be tried at Oxford. He pleaded for restoration of his papers, which would have guided him on how to challenge the jury, and how to conduct his defence. He kept arguing in a circle, and at last pleaded not guilty.[2]

Aaron Smith had next to submit to be browbeaten and to enter into recognisances for his appearance, while Henry Starkey was summoned for attempted bribery. The examination of witnesses lasted until midnight. Stephen Dugdale bore witness of treasonable talk, and that College avowed himself the author of various libels, the pretended 'Letter, intercepted, to Roger L'Estrange', and the ballad of 'The Raree Show,' to the tune of Rochester's 'I am a senseless thing, with a hey.' Other witnesses for the prosecution were Edward Turberville, Masters, Bryan Haynes, the two Macnamaras, and Sir William Jennings. But Shewin, Hickman, and Elizabeth Oliver tried to weaken the credit of Bryan Haynes, and Titus Oates violently assailed Turberville. Witnesses who had formerly been in league against the Catholics were now split. Dugdale, Turberville, and John 'Narrative Smith' swore positively to the guilt of College; Oates, Boldron, and others contradicted their testimony, and exposed the worthlessness of their personal character. At the trial of Lord Stafford, College had been the chief asserter of Dugdale's respectability; now he conducted his own defence by vigorously attacking him. Serjeant Jeffreys argued to the jury that to disbelieve the prosecution witnesses would cast doubt on the Popish Plot itself.[2] He exploited in full the division between the informers, in particular dwelling on the fact that Oates, whom he detested, was not on oath. "Here is Dugdale's oath against Dr. Oates' swearing" he noted with amusement[4] (Oates falsely claimed to be a Doctor of Divinity, and endured much ridicule from Jeffreys as a result).[5]

At nearly two o'clock in the morning the jury retired, and in half an hour gave their verdict of guilty. The court then adjourned until ten o'clock, when sentence of death was pronounced against him. He was visited in prison by two of the university divines, Dr. Marshall and Dr. Hall, who declared him to be penitent. His family was admitted to see him, and attempts were made to obtain a remission of the sentence, but the sole concession granted was that his quarters should be delivered to his friends. On 31 August he was taken in a cart to the place of execution, and made a long speech, chiefly to clear himself from the charge of being a papist. He was then hanged, drawn and quartered by Jack Ketch. His remains were buried the next evening at St. Gregory's Church, by St. Paul's.[2]

Notes

  1. ^ "The".
  2. ^ a b c d e s:College, Stephen (DNB00)
  3. ^ a b Kenyon p.276
  4. ^ Kenyon pp.276-7
  5. ^ Milne-Tyte p.76

References

  •  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "College, Stephen". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
  • Grantham Turner, 'The Coat of Many Faces', Print Quarterly, Vol. XXIX, No. 4, December 2012, pp. 426–428.
  • Kenyon, J.P. The Popish Plot Phoenix Press reissue 2000
  • Milne-Tyte, Robert Bloody Jeffreys-the Hanging Judge André Deutsch 1989
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