Symphony No. 1 (Beethoven)

Symphony by Ludwig van Beethoven; premiered in 1800

Symphony in C major
No. 1
by Ludwig van Beethoven
Portrait of the composer in 1803, three years after the premiere
Opus	21
Style	Classical period
Composed	1795 (1795)–1800
Dedication	Gottfried van Swieten
Performed	2 April 1800 (1800-04-02): Vienna
Published	1801 (1801)
Movements	Four

Ludwig van Beethoven's Symphony No. 1 in C major, Op. 21, was dedicated to Baron Gottfried van Swieten, an early patron of the composer. The piece was published in 1801 by Hoffmeister & Kühnel of Leipzig. It is not known exactly when Beethoven finished writing this work, but sketches of the finale were found to be from 1795.^[1]

Historical background

The symphony is clearly indebted to Beethoven's predecessors, particularly his teacher Joseph Haydn as well as Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, but nonetheless has characteristics that mark it uniquely as Beethoven's work, notably the frequent use of sforzandi, as well as sudden shifts in tonal centers that were uncommon for traditional symphonic form (particularly in the third movement), and the prominent, more independent use of wind instruments. Sketches for the finale are found among the exercises Beethoven wrote while studying counterpoint under Johann Georg Albrechtsberger in the spring of 1797.

Beethoven originally intended to dedicate the symphony to

Baron van Swieten.^[2]

The premiere took place on 2 April 1800 at the K.K. Hoftheater nächst der Burg in Vienna.^[3] Most sources agree that the concert program also included Beethoven's Septet as well as a symphony by Mozart, but there is some disagreement as to whether the remainder of the program included excerpts from Haydn's oratorio The Creation or from The Seasons and whether Beethoven's own Piano Concerto No. 1 or No. 2 was performed.^[4][5][6] This concert effectively served to announce Beethoven's talents to Vienna.^[7] Holy Roman Emperor Francis II is reported to have attended the premiere and reacted by saying,”There is something revolutionary in that music!”

Instrumentation

The symphony is scored for the following instrumentation:

Woodwinds

:

2 Flutes

2 Oboes

2 Clarinets in C

2 Bassoons

Brass:

2 Natural Horns in C and F

2

Percussion

:

2 Timpani in C and G

Strings:

1st Violins

2nd Violins

Violas

Cellos

Contrabasses

The clarinet parts are commonly played on B♭ clarinet, as C and D clarinets are no longer widely used. However, there is some controversy over whether they should be played on E♭ instruments instead. The E♭ clarinet's timbre is much closer to that of the C and D clarinets than that of the warmer-sounding B♭ clarinet.^[8] The second flute is not used in the second movement.

Form

I. Adagio molto, Allegro con brio

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II. Andante cantabile con moto

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III. Menuetto, Allegro molto e vivace

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IV. Adagio, Allegro molto e vivace

United States Marine Band

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There are four movements:

1. moto, ³
   ₈ in (F major)
2. Menuetto: Allegro molto e vivace

, ³
₄ (C major)

Adagio – Allegro molto e vivace, ²
₄ (C major)

A typical performance lasts between 22 and 29 minutes.

Description and analysis

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The beginning of the twelve-

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motivic

work of the development before it closes the movement with strongly repeated chords played by the whole orchestra.

Due to Beethoven's metronome markings and the addition of the indication of con moto ("with motion"), the Andante (in F major, the subdominant of the symphony's home key) of the second movement is played considerably faster than the general concept of that tempo. In contrast to the tradition, Beethoven uses the entire instrumentation of the orchestra (2nd flute tacet) and, consequently, displays a vast spectrum of sound in this movement which, as well, is composed in sonata form.

The third movement is on the one hand remarkable because, although it is indicated as Menuetto, it is marked Allegro molto e vivace and, consequently, to be played so fast that it is essentially a

diatonic harmony, Beethoven shifts chromatically

from C major up to D flat major only about 36 bars into the movement. Given the tempo, a listener would hear that dramatic shift only about 15 seconds into the movement.

The finale opens with another introduction consisting only of scale fragments played slowly by the first violins alone (an unusual effect) beginning on G and gradually adding more notes. After finally reaching an F, outlining a dominant seventh chord in C major, the real start of the finale Allegro molto e vivace begins in C major with a theme similar (both in rhythm and character) to the 4th movement of Haydn's Symphony No. 88 in G major. Composed again in a solid sonata form, Beethoven uses the scale as the prevailing motivic element in this movement which, by character, pays most of all tribute to the customary finale established by Haydn in the preceding decades.

The musical form is in accordance with the established composing tradition. Musical content, instrumentation as well as tempi, is unusual, if not revolutionary, in its use for a symphonic work of Beethoven's time. Therefore, Beethoven introduced himself with this work uniquely and boldly as an advancing symphonic composer and stood true to this statement throughout his compositional life.

Notes

1. ^ Grove, George (1896). Beethoven and his Nine Symphonies. London: Novello. p. 2.
2. ^ Kerman, Joseph; Tyson, Alan; Burnham, Scott G; Johnson, Douglas; Drabkin, William. "Ludwig van Beethoven". Oxford Music Online. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
3. ^ David Young, Beethoven Symphonies Revisited: Performance, Expression and Impact (Brighton, Chicago, Toronto, 2021)
4. ^ Beethoven's Symphony No. 1 in C Major, Op. 21: Historical, Theoretical and Performance Interpretations Nicholas Alexander Brown, Brandeis University, May 2010
5. ^ Beethoven opus 21 Symphony No. 1 in C Major classiccat.net
6. ^ Beethoven: What did the 19th century think? Barry Cooper, classical-music.com, 27 October 2015
7. ^ Morris, Edmund. Beethoven The Universal Composer. New York: HarperCollins, 2005, pp. 77–78.
8. ^ Del Mar, Norman. Anatomy of the Orchestra. University of California Press, 1987, pp. 146–149.
9. ^ Woodstra, Chris et al. (2005) All Music Guide to Classical Music: The Definitive Guide to Classical Music ^{[page needed]}

External links

• Full score of Beethoven's Symphony Number 1.
• Interview with Christoph Eschenbach about the symphony.
• Symphony No. 1: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
• Symphony No. 1 played by Vienna Philharmonic, Felix Weingartner (rec. 1937)
• Symphony No. 1 played by NBC Symphony Orchestra, Arturo Toscanini (rec. 1939)
• Symphony No. 1 played by Berlin Philharmonic, Wilhelm Furtwängler (rec. 1954)

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