Tadeusz Hołówko

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Tadeusz Hołówko
Tadeusz Hołówko in 1929.
Born(1899-09-17)September 17, 1899
Semipalatinsk Oblast, Russian Empire
DiedAugust 29, 1931(1931-08-29) (aged 41)
Truskavets, Second Polish Republic
Cause of deathAssassination by gunshot

Tadeusz Ludwik Hołówko (September 17, 1889 – August 29, 1931), codename Kirgiz, was an interwar Polish politician, diplomat and author of many articles and books.

He was most notable for his moderate stance on the "Ukrainian problem" faced by the

Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
.

Life

Born on September 17, 1889, in Semipalatinsk,

Prime Minister Ignacy Daszyński.[2]

One of the organizers of the POW and the BBWR, he was the BBWR's vice president and chief ideologist. From 1930 he was a deputy to the Polish parliament (

pacification submitted to the League of Nations.[10] Modern research however notes he was supportive of giving wide autonomy to the minorities[4][5] and supported their cultural development,[5][11] for example, by advocating for using Belarusian language in schools, but not Ukrainian.[11]

Considered one of the ideologists and activists of the "

Litvinov's Pact after the Soviet diplomat Maxim Litvinov. In his published comments to the Treaty,[citation needed] Hołówko stated apparently contrary to the "Prometheian" ideas that the Soviet control over Dnieper Ukraine is the most beneficial condition for the Polish "solution of the Ukrainian problem" as any genuinely Ukrainian government would have likely raised territorial claims towards Polish state. On the other hand, he was frequently cited as an advocate for independence of Ukraine, Belarus and other countries.[4][12]

His controversial stance towards the Ukrainian problem made him a target for Ukrainian extremists. Approximately 1/3 of population of the

Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists, and Hołówko's stance made him enemies among extremist politicians on both sides, who saw profit in further inter-ethnic conflict.[4][6]

He died in Truskawiec (

Greek-Catholic nuns of Basil of Caesarea (Sorores Basyliae), partly as a declaration of his pro-Ukrainian stance, and partly because it was less expensive.[6] At the news that he had chosen Truskawiec to spend his vacation, the local police commissioner, unable to change Hołówko's mind, assigned a man to shadow him as a bodyguard. August 29 was Hołówko's last day in Truskawiec; unable to leave as planned because he was waiting for a cash transfer to pay for his stay, he was further delayed by a storm. Then in his room he was met by two OUN activists, Vasyl Bilas and Dmytro Danylyshyn, who shot him and left the scene.[6] Danyłyszyn and Biłas were executed for unrelated crimes in December 1932.[16]

His death, widely discussed in the Polish press, and mentioned in the international press and even at a

pacification" campaign)[14][15] and the OUN's campaign of what has been increasingly described as terrorism.[18] Some time later, the Polish police commissioner in charge of investigating Hołówko's death, Emilian Czechowsk [pl], himself became an OUN assassination victim.[17]

Works

Quotes

  • "Influence of communism diminishes with progress... [In a wealthy, educated village], a communist agitator has nothing to do. Thus two things are needed do combat influences of communism: objective, independent and just administration, and cultural work."[19]
  • "Independence of Poland is inconceivable without independent Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Finland, Ukraine and Belarus. Independence of Poland is only one of many examples of a process seen throughout modern Europe - freeing of nations from political slavery. If Poland is alone, if other countries created on the ruins of Russian Empire will fall - dark will be Poland's future."
  • ..."such policies [needs to be used] that ethnic minorities would feel good in Poland, not attempting to break away from Polish state, but on the opposite, they would see such a break away as a defeat. [...] [Thus] those national movements must be supported [...] Therefore that population which would have complete freedom within borders of the Republic would not be loured by Russia."[5]

See also

References

  1. ^ Pracownia Literatury Ukraińskiej. Instytut Slawistyki PAN (Department of Ukrainian Literature. Institute of Slavistics, Polish Academy of Sciences. Last accessed on 30 September 2006
  2. ^ (in Polish) w dziejach i kulturze Polski (Lublin in history and culture of Poland). Last accessed on 30 September 2006
  3. ^
    ISBN 0-8020-8390-0, Google Print, p. 428, Google Print, p.445
  4. ^
    ISBN 0-300-10670-X, Google Print, p.33, p.41, p.75
  5. ^ a b c d e Marian Siemakowicz, Założenia programowe głównych obozów politycznych wobec szkolnictwa dla ludności białoruskiej w II Rzeczypospolitej (Plans of main Polish political camps towards education of Belarusian minority in the Second Republic). Last accessed on 30 September 2006
  6. ^ a b c d e f (in Polish) Włodzimierz Kalicki, Gazeta Wyborcza, 2002-08-29, 29 VIII 1931: Morderstwo podczas burzy (29.8.1931: Murder during the storm). Last accessed on 30 September 2006
  7. LCCN 76-244029 Section "Vbyvstvo polskogo posla Tadeusha Holufka" in V Chastyna: Rozdil 2
  8. LCCN 2002-618275
  9. ^ "Peace to his sole, Holowko was absolutely against any autonomy thoughts, wherever they came from. More than that. He was against the creation of the Ukrainian university anywhere in Galicia. He, and for very good reasons, considered that in the current state of affairs, when the painful for us problem is yet always presented as the political one, giving to the Ukrainian population any kind of autonomy or University is only to preserve and aggregate this political issue, and by this, separatism, and as such to make the realization of the program impossible..."
    Słowo Polskie, October 5, 1931, as quoted by Petro Mirchuk.
  10. ^ "His government activity consisted in conducting negotiations... His main task were negotiations with UA politicians to convince them to recall from Geneva their complaints on Pacification.", Nashpud, October 2, 1931
  11. ^ a b Eugeniusz Mironowicz, Oleg Łatyszonek, Historia Białorusi. Last accessed on 30 September 2006.
  12. ^ a b c Timothy Snyder, Covert Polish missions across the Soviet Ukrainian border, 1928-1933 in Cofini, Silvia Salvatici (a cura di), Rubbettino, 2005, (p.1, p.2, p.3, p.4, p.5).
  13. ISBN 0-231-12819-3, Google Print, p.299
  14. ^
    ISBN 030010586X Google Books, p.144
  15. ^ a b Davies, God's Playground, op.cit.
  16. ^ "Sąd nad tajną bojówką. Sprawa o zabójstwo posła Hołówki". Nowiny Codzienne. 277: 5. 20 September 1933.
  17. ^ a b (in Polish) Wojciech Kujawa Ukraińcy w międzywojennej Polsce (Ukrainians in the pre-war Poland). Last accessed on 30 September 2006.
  18. ISBN 978-3-8382-0604-2
    .
  19. ^ (in Polish) Andrzej Chojnowski - Piłsudczycy wobec komunizmu (Piłsudskiites and communism). Last accessed on 30 September 2006.

Further reading

  • WERSCHLER Iwo; Z dziejów obozu belwederskiego. Tadeusz Hołówko, życie i działalność. Warszawa 1984 PWN
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