The Problems of Genocide

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Cover

The Problems of Genocide: Permanent Security and the Language of Transgression is a 2021 book by Australian historian

Holocaust
to be ignored. Moses proposes "permanent security" as an alternative to the concept of genocide. The book was described as important, but his emphasis on security is considered only one factor to be causing mass violence.

Background

criticism of colonialism and racism.[7]

Content

Moses argues that genocide is not just a problem because of the human suffering inherent in the phenomenon, but also how the concept of genocide, because of its position as the "crime of crimes", "blinds us to other types of humanly caused civilian death, like

drone strikes, blockades, and sanctions".[8]

Moses introduces the concept of "permanent security", which is distinguished from other security imperatives by being anticipatory and characterized by a paranoid threat perception.

mass atrocity crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes, because prejudice does not cause violence without the securitization of the other. He argues that permanent security should be criminalized.[12]

The third section of the book covers Holocaust memory and comparative genocide studies. Moses argues that the concept of genocide depoliticized earlier ways of talking about mass violence (the language of transgression), and the ongoing view of genocide as a depoliticized crime normalizes types of violence that cannot be analogized to the Holocaust.[13]

Reception

Sinja Graf praised the book as "written from an unrelenting concern for the sanctity of human lives" and "a landmark study that redefines perspectives on mass atrocities across political science, history, and international law".

Taner Akcam
calls the book "the most comprehensive critique produced thus far on the concept of genocide" and a foundational work.[15]

Historian Omer Bartov described the book as "an erudite, complex, and in many parts quite fascinating read", but says that Moses fails to propose a viable alternative to the concept of genocide.[1] Some Holocaust historians accused Moses of promoting a conspiracy theory by which Raphael Lemkin, a major supporter for the inclusion of genocide in international law, was a Jewish exclusivist and only concerned regarding the Jews under Nazi rule.[7] However, according to Dan Stone, Moses' reading, although debatable, "is well within the norms of intellectual history"; furthermore, it is not the focus of the book.[7]

Security studies researcher Beatrice de Graaf says that the book is "crucially important in shattering consolidated legal, political scientific and historiographical positions on genocide, international law and security". Nevertheless, she is critical of Moses' conception of permanent security, arguing that he overlooks earlier work in historical and critical security studies exploring the totalizing instinct of state security in general, and his argument would be stronger if he covered the origins of the preventative security paradigm in Europe around 1800.[4] According to reviewer Ulrike von Hirschhausen, Moses ignores recent research on how indigenous people used the "language of transgression" to resist colonialism, and flattens the complicated reality of historical empires by presenting them as totalizing, when in fact these empires attempted to manage difference, not wipe it out.[16]

Furthermore, Moses' focus on security has recognized as a significant factor in incidents of genocidal violence, but is a

age of nationalism however, both colonisers and the colonised turned ethnicity, not security, into the most effective means to mobilise intervention in favour of or against imperial rule."[16] The obsession of Nazis and other antisemites with "racial hygiene" and the euthanasia killings cannot be explained through a securitization framework. Moses does not engage with the argument of Götz Aly that greed and acquisitiveness, both in terms of individual perpetrators enriching themselves and Germany's desire to dominate Europe and live on plunder, were among the primary motivators of Nazi criminality.[6]

References

  1. ^
    S2CID 245007530
    .
  2. ^ "A. Dirk Moses | Department of History". history.unc.edu. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
  3. ^ Moses 2021, pp. vii–viii.
  4. ^
    hdl:1874/413905
    .
  5. S2CID 244109587
    .
  6. ^
    S2CID 245008587
    .
  7. ^ a b c Stone, Dan (4 January 2022). "Paranoia and the Perils of Misreading". Fair Observer. Retrieved 22 March 2022.
  8. ^ Moses 2021, p. 1.
  9. doi:10.1017/S153759272100325X
    .
  10. ^ a b Moses 2021, p. 37.
  11. ^ Moses 2021, p. 39–40.
  12. ^ Moses 2021, pp. 1, 42.
  13. ^
    S2CID 246654450
    .
  14. S2CID 247017818
    .
  15. ^ https://issforum.org/roundtables/PDF/Roundtable-XXIV-26.pdf
  16. ^
    S2CID 245007522
    .

Further reading
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