The Tale of Heiji

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Night Attack on the Sanjo Palace (detail)

The Tale of Heiji (平治物語, Heiji monogatari) is a Japanese war epic (

Heiji Rebellion of 1159–1160, in which samurai clan head Minamoto no Yoshitomo attacked and besieged Kyoto, as part of a dispute over political power in which he was opposed by Taira no Kiyomori, head of the Taira clan.[1]

Text

The Tale, like most monogatari, exists in three main forms: written, oral, and painted. Around 33 variant texts exist.

Tale of Heike), though the works most likely have separate authorship due to differences in theme and style. From wording in the oldest versions of the work ("not long ago"), those variants likely date from the early Kamakura period, with some claiming that the original version may have been written prior to 1177.[4]

The picture scroll version of the tale, called

Boston, Massachusetts.[5]
A digital reproduction of this scene is visible at http://digital.princeton.edu/heijiscroll/

Two western translations exist: a partial (about a third of the overall text) translation by Edwin O. Reischauer in 1951,[6] using a composite of multiple variants, and a more recent complete translation of an older version of the text by Marisa Chalitpatanangune in 1987.

Themes

The Tale of Heiji describes the historical bridge between the aristocratic government of the Heian period and the military government of medieval Japan.[7] The Heiji story moves beyond from the comparatively simple narration template of the Hōgen monogatari towards a more complicated focus which suggests a need for more nuanced principles and more flexible policies which become more appropriate to desperate times.[8]

As in the Hōgen story, multi-level and inter-related rivalries lead to war. Brown identified the following:[9]

However, Heiji is at its core a story about warriors and lower-ranking nobles. Go-Shirakawa is criticised for his failure to recognise and reward men of ability, both by promoting the incompetent Nobuyori and by not recognising the contribution of the valiant Yoshitomo.

Tale of Heike.[12]

The narrative structure differs in versions, between a simple chronological narration to a thematic one.[10] Kiyomori is also portrayed differently in different versions of the text, in earlier versions as wise and compassionate, in later ones as wicked, cowardly and lustful.[13] Other themes found in some versions are the importance of filial piety and religious faith.[14]

Monogatari historiography

The Japanese have developed a number of complementary strategies for capturing, preserving and disseminating the essential elements of their commonly accepted national history – chronicles of sovereigns and events, biographies of eminent persons and personalities, and the military tale or gunki monogatari. This last form evolved from an interest in recording the activities of military conflicts in the late 12th century. The major battles, the small skirmishes and the individual contests—and the military figures who animate these accounts—have all been passed from generation to generation in the narrative formats of the

Heike monogatari
(1180–1185).

In each of these familiar monogatari, the central figures are popularly well known, the major events are generally understood, and the stakes as they were understood at the time are conventionally accepted as elements in the foundation of Japanese culture. The accuracy of each of these historical records has become a compelling subject for further study; and some accounts have been shown to withstand close scrutiny, while other presumed “facts” have turned out to be inaccurate.[15]

See also

  • Hōgen Rebellion
    , 1156
    • Hōgen monogatari
  • Heiji Rebellion
    , 1159–1160
  • Genpei War, 1180–1185
    • Heike monogatari

References

  1. nengō (Japanese era name) after "Kyūju" and before "Heiji
    ." In other words, the Hōgen Rebellion occurred during Hōgen, which was a time period spanning the years from 1156 through 1159.
  2. ^ Chalitpatanangune, Marisa (1987) Heiji Monogatari: A Study and Annotated Translation of the Oldest Text University of California.
  3. ^ In the name "Tale of "Hōgen," the "Hōgen" refers to the Japanese era name after "Kyūju" and before "Heiji", which was a time period spanning the years from 1156 through 1159.
  4. ^ The text does not use the word "in" as a title for Sutoku, leading some to propose that the work was written before this title was posthumously conferred on the retired Emperor. (from Chalitpatanangune, Marisa (1987) pp 30.)
  5. JSTOR 3250273
    .
  6. ^ Reischauer & Yamagiwa (1951) Translations from Early Japanese Literature, Cambridge Mass., Harvard university press 1951, pages 451-453
  7. ^ Chalitpatanangune, p. 16.
  8. ^ Brown et al. (1979). Gukanshō, p. 392.
  9. ^ Brown et al. (1979). Gukanshō, p. 388.
  10. ^ a b Brown, p. 391.
  11. ^ Chalitpatanangune, p. 19.
  12. ^ Chalitpatanangune, p. 33.
  13. ^ Chalitpatanangune, p. 26.
  14. ^ Chalitpatanangune, p. 37.
  15. ^ Brown, p. 385-386.
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