Ti-sapphire laser
Ti:sapphire lasers (also known as Ti:Al2O3 lasers, titanium-sapphire lasers, or Ti:sapphs) are
Titanium-sapphire refers to the
Types
Mode-locked oscillators
Chirped-pulse amplifiers
These devices generate
Regenerative amplifiers operate by amplifying single pulses from an oscillator (see above). Instead of a normal cavity with a partially reflective mirror, they contain high-speed optical switches that insert a pulse into a cavity and take the pulse out of the cavity exactly at the right moment when it has been amplified to a high intensity.
The term 'chirped-pulse' refers to a special construction that is necessary to prevent the pulse from damaging the components in the laser. The pulse is stretched in time so that the energy is not all located at the same point in time and space. This prevents damage to the optics in the amplifier. Then the pulse is optically amplified and recompressed in time to form a short, localized pulse. All optics after this point should be chosen to take the high energy density into consideration.
In a multi-pass amplifier, there are no optical switches. Instead, mirrors guide the beam a fixed number of times (two or more) through the Ti:sapphire crystal with slightly different directions. A pulsed pump beam can also be multi-passed through the crystal, so that more and more passes pump the crystal. First the pump beam pumps a spot in the gain medium. Then the signal beam first passes through the center for maximal amplification, but in later passes the diameter is increased to stay below the damage-threshold, to avoid amplification the outer parts of the beam, thus increasing beam quality and cutting off some amplified spontaneous emission and to completely deplete the inversion in the gain medium.
The pulses from chirped-pulse amplifiers are often converted to other wavelengths by means of various nonlinear optical processes.
At 5 mJ in 100 femtoseconds, the peak power of such a laser is 50 gigawatts.[4] When focused by a lens, these laser pulses will ionise any material placed in the focus, including air molecules, and lead to short filament propagation and strong nonlinear optics effects that generate a wide spectrum of wavelengths.
Tunable continuous wave lasers
Titanium-sapphire is especially suitable for pulsed lasers since an
History and applications
The Ti:sapphire laser was invented by Peter Moulton in June 1982 at MIT Lincoln Laboratory in its continuous wave version. Subsequently, these lasers were shown to generate ultrashort pulses through Kerr-lens modelocking.[5] Strickland and Mourou, in addition to others, working at the University of Rochester, showed chirped pulse amplification of this laser within a few years,[6] for which these two shared in the 2018 Nobel Prize in physics[7] (along with Arthur Ashkin for optical tweezers). The cumulative product sales of the Ti:sapphire laser has amounted to more than $600 million, making it a big commercial success that has sustained the solid state laser industry for more than three decades.[8][9]
The ultrashort pulses generated by Ti:sapphire lasers in the time domain corresponds to mode-locked
References
- .
- PMID 19773946.
- ISBN 978-0-12-369395-2. Retrieved 2021-10-02.
- S2CID 119237744.
- PMID 19773831.
- .
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2018". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2018-10-02.
- ^ "Peter Moulton on the Ti:Sapphire laser. The Ti:sapphire laser has gained broad usage and new applications in biological research and other areas since its inception in 1982". spie.org. Retrieved 2017-11-02.
- ^ "Titanium–sapphire Lasers".
- .
- .
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2005". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2017-11-02.
- S2CID 32829164.