Trypanosoma vivax

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Trypanosoma vivax
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Phylum: Euglenozoa
Class: Kinetoplastea
Order: Trypanosomatida
Family: Trypanosomatidae
Genus: Trypanosoma
Species:
T. vivax
Binomial name
Trypanosoma vivax
Ziemann, 1905
Synonyms
  • Trypanosoma caprae
  • Trypanosoma angolense
  • Trypanosoma (subg. Duttonella) vivax[1][2]

Trypanosoma vivax is a parasite species in the genus Trypanosoma. It causes the disease nagana, affecting cattle or wild mammals. It is mainly occurs in West Africa, although it has spread to South America.[3][1]

Range

Historically restricted to

mechanical transmission route, see § Life cycle below.[1]

Hosts

emerging pathogen of cattle, and sometimes horses and other ruminants.[1]

The

Glossina
.

Life cycle

Unusual for a trypanosome, T. vivax does not infect the

Glossina vector midgut. Instead it infects and completes an abbreviated life cycle only in the vector's proboscis. Thus it is entirely mechanically transmitted. For this reason it has had a relatively easy time jumping vectors, and thereby even jumping geographic ranges which do not have its customary vector.[1]

Symptoms

Symptoms of T. vivax include "rapid weight loss, lethargy, weakness, clumsiness, pale mucosa, swelling of superficial lymph nodes, anemia, and fluctuating

pyrexia, causing[...]a drop in animal productivity."[4]

Enzymes

A novel proline racemase of medical and veterinary importance has been described in T. vivax (B8LFE4).[5]

It also produces vivapain, a

cysteine peptidase.[6]

Host immunity

The smallest

variable surface glycoprotein (40 kDa in size) to date has been found in T. vivax, which bears little carbohydrate.[7]

Economic impact

Trypanosoma vivax is a significant drag on Africa's cattle production every year, and increasingly is a concern in South America: One outbreak in 1995 in the Pantanal in Brazil and Bolivia cost the industry over US$160 million.[1]

Trypanocide resistance

Some

isometamidium-resistant populations, with some of these also being resistant to diminazene. (This has been ascribed variously to cross-resistance or to two separate events of acquisition of separate resistance genetics. Isometamidium and diminazene are not thought to be in the same trypanocide class.) Resistance to both is widespread in both West and East Africa. Diminazene resistance has been observed in South America.[1]

Mechanisms of resistance are not necessarily shared across the genus, and this is especially true for this, the most genetically divergent species.[1]

References

  1. ^
    PMID 27719692
    .
  2. ^
    S2CID 27672643
    .
  3. PMID 21569364
    .
  4. PMID 25464824
    .
  5. PMID 19428664
    .
  6. S2CID 87508475. Indian Society for Parasitology
    .
  7. PMID 8943146
    .

External links

"Trypanosoma vivax". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).

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