Trzciniec culture
 | |
| Geographical range | central and eastern Poland, western Ukraine, western Belarus |
|---|---|
| Period | Bronze Age Europe |
| Dates | ca. 2400–1300 BC |
| Preceded by | Mierzanowice culture, Únětice culture, Iwno, Comb Ceramic culture, Multi-cordoned ware culture |
| Followed by | Lusatian culture, Urnfield culture |
The Trzciniec culture is an Early and Middle Bronze Age (2400-1300 BC) archaeological culture in Central-Eastern Europe, mainly Poland and parts of Lithuania. The material culture similarity and overall chronological contemporaneity with Komariv (Ukraine) and Sośnica (Belarus) cultures resulted in the definition of the Trzciniec-Komarów-Sośnica complex[1] or, more recently, the Trzciniec Cultural Circle.[2] In Poland, the archaeological sites of the Trzciniec culture are found in Central, Southern, and Eastern Poland (Kuyavia, Lesser Poland, Mazovia, Podlachia, and Lublin Upland).
History
Trzciniec culture was first identified by Włodzimierz Antoniewicz, who named it "band pottery culture". The term "Trzciniec culture" from the eponymous site Trzciniec near Opole Lubelskie was introduced by Józef Kostrzewski in 1930.[3][4] The first complete monograph of the Trzciniec culture was written by Aleksander Gardawski.[5] From a cultural-historical perspective, the origins of the Trzciniec culture are associated with three Corded Ware-related cultures: Mierzanowice, Strzyżów and Iwno. In general, the Trzciniec culture was succeeded by the Lusatian culture.
Characteristics
The best known settlements of the Trzciniec culture were in Złota Pińczowska, Więcławice
Burial rite of the Trzciniec culture is characterized by regional preferences in using
There is evidence for the use of chariots by the Trzciniec culture.[6][7]
Genetics
Mittnik et al. (2018) examined the remains of seven possible Trzciniec individuals buried in
Juras et al. (2020) examined the mtDNA of eighty individuals ascribed to the Trzciniec culture.[9][10] The individuals were determined to be closely related to peoples of the Corded Ware culture, Bell Beaker culture, Únětice culture, and the Mierzanowice culture. They were notably genetically different from peoples of the neighboring Strzyżów culture, which displayed closer genetic relations to cultures further east.[11]
Gallery
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![Metal artefacts[12]](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Zbiornik_Niewiadoma_-_zabytki_odkryte_w_kurhanie_datowanym_na_XVIII_p.n.e.jpg/130px-Zbiornik_Niewiadoma_-_zabytki_odkryte_w_kurhanie_datowanym_na_XVIII_p.n.e.jpg)
Metal artefacts[12] -
Bronze armbands -
Chariot model, Arkaim museum -
Horse bridle items made from antler -
![Double-horse burials 2000–1300 BC, associated with the spread of chariots[13]](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Dispersion_of_double-horse_burials_%28complete_skeletons_only%29_2000-1300_BC.jpg/130px-Dispersion_of_double-horse_burials_%28complete_skeletons_only%29_2000-1300_BC.jpg)
Double-horse burials 2000–1300 BC, associated with the spread of chariots[13]
![Metal artefacts[12]](/File:Zbiornik_Niewiadoma_-_zabytki_odkryte_w_kurhanie_datowanym_na_XVIII_p.n.e.jpg)
![Double-horse burials 2000–1300 BC, associated with the spread of chariots[13]](/File:Dispersion_of_double-horse_burials_(complete_skeletons_only)_2000-1300_BC.jpg)
See also
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References
- ^ Jan Dąbrowski (1975), "Trzciniec-Komarów-Sosnica (A culture cycle from the Early and Middle Bronze Age)", Archaeologia Polona, 16: 39–69
- ^ Przemysław Makarowicz (2010), Trzciniecki krąg kulturowy – wspólnota pogranicza Wschodu i Zachodu Europy (in Polish), Poznań: Wydawnictwo Poznańskie
- ^ Konrad Jażdżewski (1930), "Z działalności Polskiego Towarzystwa Prehistorycznego", Z otchłani wieków (in Polish), 5 (2): 26–30
- ^ Janusz Czebreszuk; Przemysław Makarowicz (2014), "Józef Kostrzewski – badacz wczesnej i środkowej epoki brązu", Fontes Archaeologici Posnanienses (in Polish), 50 (1): 49–58
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Aleksander Gardawski (1959), "Plemiona kultury trzcinieckiej w Polsce", Materiały starożytne (in Polish), 5
- S2CID 253568772.
- S2CID 235051187.
- ^ Mittnik et al. 2018, Supplementary Data 1, Rows 94-100.
- ^ Juras et al. 2020, p. 3.
- ^ Juras et al. 2020, pp. 6–7, Table 1.
- ^ Juras et al. 2020, pp. 5–7.
- .
- S2CID 253568772.
Bibliography
- Juras, Anna; et al. (April 15, 2020). "Mitochondrial genomes from Bronze Age Poland reveal genetic continuity from the Late Neolithic and additional genetic affinities with the steppe populations". S2CID 215793231.
- Mittnik, Alisa; et al. (January 30, 2018). "The genetic prehistory of the Baltic Sea region". PMID 29382937.
- Prahistoria Ziem Polskich, tom IV pod redakcją W. Hensla Wydawnictwo PAN, Ossolineum, Wrocław, Warszawa, Kraków, Gdańsk, 1979.
- Pradzieje ziem polskich, tom I cz. 2 Epoka Brązu i początki Epoki Żelaza pod redakcją Kmiecińskiego, wyd. PWN Warszawa-Łodź 1989
- Wielka Historia Polski, tom I Najdawniejsze dzieje ziem polskich (do VII w.), Piotr Kaczanowski, Janusz K. Kozłowski, wyd. Fogra Kraków 1998
- Od neolityzacji do początków epoki brązu przemiany kulturowe w międzyrzeczu Odry i Dniepru VI i II tys. przed Chr. – praca zbiorowa pod redakcja Janusza Czebreszuka, Mikoly Kryvalceviča, Przemysława Makarowicza, Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu. Instytut Prahistorii. Poznań : Wydaw. Poznańskie, 2001
- Encyklopedia historyczna świata tom I: Prehistoria, praca zbiorowe, opracowanie naukowe prof. Dr hab. Janusz K. Kozłowski, Agencja Publicystyczno-Wydawnicza Oppress, Kraków 1999
- Kultura pradziejowa na ziemiach Polski zarys, Jerzy Gąssowski, PWN, Warszawa 1985