Unifiram

antiamnesic and other effects in animal studies with far greater potency than piracetam.^[2][3] A number of related compounds are known, such as sunifiram (DM-235) and sapunifiram (MN-19).^[4][5][6] Unifiram has two enantiomers, with the dextro form being the more active isomer.^[7] It has been shown to reduce the duration of hypnosis induced by pentobarbital, without impairing motor coordination.^[8] As of 2015^[update], no formal human studies with unifiram have been conducted. Unifiram is not patented and, despite the lack of human and long-term toxicity studies, it is commonly sold online.^[9]

serotonin, dopamine, adrenergic, histamine, acetylcholine, or opioid receptors at concentrations of up to 1 μM.^[9][3] In addition, the drugs were tested on recombinant AMPA receptors and showed no potentiation of the receptors, indicating that they do not act as AMPA receptor positive allosteric modulators.^[9] However, they were able to prevent the amnesia induced by the AMPA receptor antagonist NBQX in the passive avoidance test, suggesting that indirect/downstream AMPA receptor activation may be involved in their memory-enhancing effects.^[3]