Universal instantiation

Universal instantiation

Type	Predicate logic
Symbolic statement	${\displaystyle \forall x\,A\Rightarrow A\{x\mapsto t\}}$

In

Example: "All dogs are mammals. Fido is a dog. Therefore Fido is a mammal."

Formally, the rule as an axiom schema is given as

${\displaystyle \forall x\,A\Rightarrow A\{x\mapsto t\},}$

for every formula A and every term t, where ${\displaystyle A\{x\mapsto t\}}$ is the result of substituting t for each free occurrence of x in A. ${\displaystyle \,A\{x\mapsto t\}}$ is an instance of ${\displaystyle \forall x\,A.}$

And as a rule of inference it is

from ${\displaystyle \vdash \forall xA}$ infer ${\displaystyle \vdash A\{x\mapsto t\}.}$

Irving Copi noted that universal instantiation "...follows from variants of rules for 'natural deduction', which were devised independently by Gerhard Gentzen and Stanisław Jaśkowski in 1934."^[4]

Quine

According to

• Existential instantiation
• Existential quantification

References