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Sufism (
Up until the era of independence, Sufi orders and popular forms of Sufi religiosity dominated the religious scene, with other Islamic movements and groups beginning to emerge only later as branches of other groups already established outside the boundaries of the Hashemite Kingdom.
— Sufism and Sufi Orders: God’s Spiritual Paths Adaptation and Renewal in the Context of Modernization, Hassan Abu Hanieh, p.12
History
Sufism has played a very important role in the expansion of Islam throughout the world. Throughout the 15th Century Sufism was a popular movement along the front edge of the spreading Ottoman Empire.[4] In Jordan however early Ottoman records indicate that Sufism was already present in Jordan when it was subsumed by the Empire.[3] It has continued to play an important role in the area through the establishment of the Emirate[2], the influx of Palastinians following the Nakba[5], and into present time.
Pre Independence
- There is a record of Sufism in Jordan dating back to before the ottoman empire. Early ottoman tax registers describe the landscape of modern-day Jordan as punctuated with saints' shrines. Sufi Sheikhs were especially prominent in the north around Ajlun and Irbid.[6] The land tax introduced by the Tanzimat reforms brought about a more formal system of land registration and therefor record keeping. These records show tracts of land, especially in the north, owned by prominent families of Sufi sheikhs.
Establishment of the Emirate
- The Sufi structures in place in modern-day Jordan were in some ways co-opted by the new state upon its formation. Many states in the middle east have done this towards varying ends.[7] The new Emirate of Jordan in an effort to adopt a liberal nationalist, and to some extent, secular; established a ministry of religious affairs staffed by "moderate" Sufis.
"When the Emirate of Jordan was established in 1921 by Prince Abdullah Bin Hussein (later King Abdullah I), the state continued the process of neutralizing traditional and religious structures and institutions, despite the fact that Prince Abdullah belonged to the (Hashemite) lineage of the Prophet Muhammad (Peace Be Upon Him [PBUH]). Indeed, the prince chose to adopt a liberal, nationalist ideology for the new emirate based on modern and secular principles. Subsequently, the state would focus its efforts on acquiring exclusive jurisdiction over religion, and neutralized traditional religious institutions by establishing the Ministry of Awqaf (Religious Endowments) and Religious Affairs, a formal, state-run fatwa8 institution (Dar al-Ifta9) and the Department of the Supreme (Islamic) Justice. And, despite the fact that Islam was designated as the official religion of the state, it was considered to be only one facet of the collective Jordanian identity and not the central axis of either the national identity or the state. Finally, in line with this strategy, the majority of official religious posts were held by persons who displayed moderate Sufi tendencies of a particularly centrist socio-religious nature."
— Sufism and Sufi Orders: God’s Spiritual Paths Adaptation and Renewal in the Context of Modernization, Hassan Abu Hanieh, p.11
Post 1940
The influx of Palestinians following the Nakba spurred expansion in the Sufi community at that time.
"More activity has been seen after 1940, among the earliest, the establishment of a (prominent) meeting place zawya... near Irbid and an increasing number of others, supported by refugees of Palestinian origin."[5]
— Our Ancestors Were Bedouin. Memory, Identity and Change: The Case of Holy Sites in Southern Jordan, Miettunen Päivi
The mid 20th century saw the rebuilding or restoration of many shrines across the country, and especially in the north."[4]
Sufi Orders
Most of the Sufis in Jordan today come from six major orders or extending to prominent sheikhs today.
Shadhili
The Shadhili order was the first modern Sufi order established in Jordan, between the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. In the early 1900's Sharif Muhammad al-Amin Bin Zein al-Qalqami, one of the men credited with bringing this particular order of sufism to Jordan, established a zawya near Amman which was home to the Shadhili-Ghudhu-Qadiri sub-order.[2] The next Shadhili sub order to plant roots in Jordan was the Shadhili-Yashruti Order, which was established during the 1930's. This sub-order grew significantly after the Nakba as many palistinian followers permanently settled in Jordan.[2] Today the Shadhili-Darqawi-Hashimi-‘Alawi-Filali order is considered one of the most widespred orders in Jordan. Sheikh Muhammad al-Hashimi al-Tilmisani who traveled to Jordan from Syria is often credited with the spread of this sub-order. A third generation Sheikh from this order, Sheikh Abu Ghazaleh, established a school in the Husseini Mosque and a zawya nearby. This sub-order extends all the way to SheikhAbd al-Rahman al-Shaghouri via Sheikh Muhammad Sa’id al-Kurdi.[2]
Khalwati
Sheikh Kheir al-Din ‘Abd al-Rahman al-Sharif introduced the Khalwati order to Jordan, specifically the city of Kerak, in the late 1910's/ early 1920's after being exiled from Hebron by the british authority. In 1958, after his death, his son, Sheikh Hassan al- Sharif, traveled to Jordan and established a zawya continuing the practice his father had introduced. [2]...
Qadiri
Sheikh Muhammad Hashim al-Baghdadi a prominent Qadiri Sufi of the time in Palestine had a number of students come to Jordan in the 1930's/ 1940's and establish zawyas in the cities of Amman, Zarqa, Irbid and Russeifeh. One of the more important of these students was Sheikh ‘Abd al-Halim al-Qadiri, who came to Jordan in 1938 establishing a zawya in Shouneh[2], an area of jordan proximal to the jordan river just north of the dead sea. one of the larger Qadiri sub-orders, The Kasnazani-Qadiri order, made its way to Jordan from Iraq after the spike in sectarian violence following American troops entered Iraq in 2003. This specific order has established a zawya in the northern Marka area in Amman[2].
Rifa'i
Several sheikhs are credited with bringing the Rifa'i order to Jordan around the same time. Two of the most notible include ‘Abd al-Hafez al-Nuwayhi, and ‘Umar al-Sarafandi.[2] Al-Nuwayhi moved from Palestine to Jordan after the Nakba where he lived until his death in 2002. His particular suborder was assumed by both his son, Sheikh Muhammad, and Sheikh Faris al-Rifa’i, who has several zawaya in the cities of Amman and Jerash.[2] Al-Sarafandi also moved to Jordan from Palestine after the Nakba and established a zawya in the Jabal al-Nasr neighborhood of Amman.[2] The Rawasi-Rifa’i Order was established in Jordan by Sheikh Ali Abu Zayd and several other sheikhs. After his death in 1997, Sheikh Abu Zayd left the leadership of the order to Sheikh Mahmud al-Faqih, who has a zawya in the Russeifeh area, as well as Sheikh and Dr Mi’ath Sa’id Hawa. Sheikh Nasser al-Din al-Khatib would also invigorate the order and worked to increase its reach in Jordan after he came to Jordan from Palestine in 1967. Sheikh Khatib would establish a mosque and zawya in Amman and would launch a Sufi satellite channel.[2]
Naqshbandi
The Naqshbandi Order is considered the most prominent and widespread order in Central Asia. It is also one of the only Sufi orders to maintain a distinctly Sunni identity. The Naqshbandi Order in Jordan is represented by two branches: the Naqshbandi-Haqqani Order and the Naqshbandi-Kilani Order. In 1955 Sheikh Muhammad Nazim ‘Adel al-Haqqani al-Naqshbandi, or Sheikh Nazim al-Haqqani (following the instruction of his master in Cyprus, Sheikh ‘Abd Allah Fa’ez al-Daghastani al-Naqshbandi) moved to Amman and went into secclusion in the Sweileh neighborhood of the city. At this time many Jordanian aspirants flocked to him drastically expanding this order.
After the death of Sheikh ‘Abd Allah al-Daghastani, the affairs of the Naqshbandi Order were passed on to Sheikh Nazim al Haqqani, who, in turn, appointed several sheikhs as representatives of the order in numerous countries. The sheikh that Sheikh Haqqani appointed to manage the affairs of the order in Jordan would be Sheikh ‘Abd al-Salam Tawfiq Ahmad Shamsi
— Hanieh p.170
Sheikh ‘Abd al-Salam Shamsi went on to establish a zawya in the Abu Sham Mosque in the Jabal Amman area of the city after moving to Jordan in 1998.[2]
Tijani
The Tijani Order is a manifestations of revivalist Sufism, established by Ahmad Tijani (d. 1230 AH/1815 AD), who came from the Tlemcen region in northwestern Algeria.[2] Sheikh Ahmad al-Dadisi, a teacher from the al-Aqsa mosque in jerusalem, frequently visited Jordan semi regularly building a following of Jordanian Sufis. He died in the early 1980's, however he appointed Sheikh Muhammad Mahmud al-Musaleh to lead this particular Tajini Sufi sub-order in Jordan.[2]
Modern Practices
Today there are a number of Sufi Orders active in Jordan. The vast majority of Amman's tariqas respect the generally agreed boundaries of the Sunna, maintaining sexual segregation and avoiding the use of musical instruments or dancing during the hadra itself.[8] In Jordan all the saint shrines are under the complete control of the government. For example, the celebration of the mawaalid ( birthday) of the saints is prohibited, with the exception of al-mawlid al-nabawi (the Prophet's birthday.)[4] Throughout the country today Sufism is not particualrly influential or politically or socially active. This may be because the modern Sufi orders of jordan were founded quite recently (first half of thew 20th century)
Sufi Shrines
- The Irbid Area is home to a number of shrines dating back at least to to the 13th Century and probably significantly earlier.Arabic: الصَحابة). These shrines are, however, often concidered 'orthodox'[4]and therefor this effort does not represent a government effort to empower or assist Sufis in the country.
- ^ Martin Lings, What is Sufism? (Lahore: Suhail Academy, 2005; first imp. 1983, second imp. 1999), p.15
- ^ ISBN 978-9957-484-15-6.
- ^ ISBN 978-90-04-16436-9.
- ^ a b c d e Shimizu, Yoshimi (1989). The Saint Cult in Jordan: One Aspect of Jordanian Islam. Tokyo Metropolitan University.
- ^ ISBN 978-952-10-9577-1.
- ISBN 9782351594384.
- ISBN 978-1-59030-884-4.
- ^ "Sufism in Jordan: A Prism of Spirituality". Quantara.de. Retrieved 29 April 2020.