User:Canaan9801/Declaración de Independencia del Perú
| Peruvian Declaration of Independence | |
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Plaza Mayor de Lima and in other plazas in the capital.
AntecedeentsThe declaration and proclamation of Marquis of Torre Tagle. After the city of Trujillo joined the movement, the cities of Piura, Cajamarca, Chachapoyas, Jaén and Maynas also declared independence. San Martín later recognized that if it had not been for the major support of the north of Peru, it would have been necessary for him to return to Chile to reorganize his forces, since they were inferior to those of the Viceroy.
San Martín established his headquarters in Huaura, to the north of Lima. It was in Huaura where the independence of Peru was proclaimed for the first time, in November of 1820. Lima, the colonial capital, was threatened by the advancing liberating army and the raids by "montaneras patriotas". At the start of July 1821, Lima faced a major scarcity of food due to the attacks by the montaneras patriotas, that cut its lines of communication to the outside world. The royalist troops did not at the time have resources, and the patriots had already gained important victories in the interior of the country, and much of the population desired the presence of the liberators. On July 5, 1821, the Viceroy of Peru José de la Serna announced to the residents of Lima that he was abandoning the city, designating the city of Callao as a refuge for those who felt insecure in the capital. Many Spanish and criollo residents moved to that port, seeking protection in the Real Felipe Fortress, while the viceroy retreated with his forces towards the central mountain range, leaving behind only one garrison in the Fortress, led by José de la Mar. The viceroy himself, by way of a card, invited San Martín to enter into Lima before the Indian guerrillas did, as he feared that they would commit abuses within the city. On July 9, the first liberating troops entered Lima. On the night of July 12, General San Martín entered the city and two days later the rest of the Liberating Army. That same day, July 14, San Martín, already installed in the Ferndinand VII on the throne.
Meeting of the Open Council On July 15, 1821, complying with San Martín's request, the Mayor Count of San Isidro convened the residents of Lima in an open council meeting. However, not all residents were summoned, only the permanent councillors, Castillian nobility, members of military orders, the church council, and members of distinguished families. The rest of the population was totally excluded, including the common people. DraftingWith the council gathered, the people of Lima crowded the outside of the building, shouting words of support for the cause of independence. In the middle of this noise, the council participants, which were mostly old representatives of colonialism, hurried themselves to aprove the Declaration of Independence, which was drafted by the lawyer Manuel Pérez de Tudela, who would later be Miniter of Foreign Relations for the new nation. SigningThe Declaration was signed by the majority of the members of the Council (the mayor voted first, then 10 councillors and 2 city attorneys), the secular clergy of Lima and other distinguished members of Liman society. In total 339 Liman men signed the Declaration.[2] On the first page appear the signatures of 60 people. The document would later be signed by 3,504 people from various social classes. According to the historian Timothy Anna, the large majority signed out of fear of the occupying troops. Others signed out of an expectation of rewards or future positions. There were also people of elevated patriotic spirit. It is known that there were Spaniards and criollos that hid in order to not sign the Declaration, fearful of the Viceroy's reprisals if he retook Lima Regarding the fall of the Spanish administration in Peru, Anna writes: "In addition, two weeks after the Declaration of Independence, 43 of the 64 members of the Consulate fled. Only 16 of the members of the Consulate signed the Declaration." He also points out that "many prominent people signed the Declaration of Independence and later fled the country..." in addition, of those that signed the Declaration of Independence, many returned to the royalist side. [3] Proclamation of Peruvian Independence On July 28, 1821, following the viceregal protocols, the Palace of Lima at 10 a.m. along with a numerous horseback entourage. At the front, it was composed of the authorities of the University of San Marcos in academic dress, followed by the higher-up members of the clergy and the priors of the convents, then the military chiefs of the Army of the Andes and, finally, the Castillian nobility and members of orders of chivalry, accompanied by judges of the Real Audiencia and the permanent councillors of the City Council. Before this entourage was San Martín, flanked by the Count of San Isidro to the left and the Marquis of Montemira to the right, who as the flagbearer carried the new flag designed by San Martín. Behind them was the Count of la Vega del Ren, the high chiefs of the Army, and a squadron of hussars. The Halberdiers of the Royal Guard surrounded the march.
Upon arriving to the small stage set up in the Plaza Mayor of Lima, facing a crowd of more than 16,000 people, San Martín received the flag from the Marquis of Montemira and proclaimed:
The same ceremony was recreated in the plaza of La Merced and then in front of the Convento de los Descalzos. After the ceremonies of proclamation, the Liman people sung the patriotic song "La chicha".[4] Upon the end of the proclamations, San Martín and the experts returned to the Palace of the Viceroys, where they received Lord Cochrane, who had just arrived in Callao. In the afternoon, they followed the celebrations with a running of the bulls in Plaza de Acho and a reception in the Palacio Municipal that night. Basil Hall, commenting on the ceremony stated the following:
Fragments of the card that Tomás Guido, friend of San Martín, send to his wife regarding the ceremonies of July 28, 1821:
Both the signing of the Declaration and the proclamation of Independence were mere formalities. The royalist forces continued to dominate the largest, most populated, and richest regions of the country: the central mountain range and all of the Peruvian South, establishing Cuzco as the new viceregal capital. In fact, Lima itself would be reoccupied by royalist troops eventually. It was only in 1824 when Spanish domination over Peru was terminated. Signers of the Declaration The signers of the first page of the Declaration were the following:
See alsoReferences
External Links
[[Category:1821 in politics]] [[Category:Declarations of independence]] [[Category:1821 in Peru]] [[Category:Peruvian War of Independence]] |