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Tetricus I | |
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Pontifex Maximus |
Gaius Pius Esuvius Tetricus was the emperor of the
Background
The
"restored the almost exhausted provinces through his enormous vigour and moderation."[1]
Gallienus attempted to invade the Gallic Empire twice, but was repulsed both times, forcing him to acquiesce with the secession; Although he was unable to conquer the Gallic Empire, Gallienus did ensure that the Roman Empire was defended, including posting
Life
Gaius Pius Esuvius Tetricus, commonly referred to as Tetricus I, was born in Gaul, at an unknown date, to a noble family.
The Gallic Empire mirrored the Roman imperial administrative traditions, and as such Gallic emperors would adopt Roman regnal titles upon their accession; after becoming emperor, Tetricus' name was changed to Imperator Caesar Esuvius Tetricus Pius Felix Invictus Augustus Pontifex Maximus.[1][12] The Gallic Empire also followed the Roman tradition of Emperors appointing themselves as consul, with Tetricus appointing himself as consul in 271, 272, and 273; the names of the other consul for these years are not known.[1][13] Tetricus elevated his son, Tetricus II, as caesar in 273 to increase the legitimacy of his reign;[14] he may have also elevated his son to co-emperor during the last days of his reign, but this is disputed.[15] Tetricus also moved the capital of the Gallic Empire from Colonia to Augusta Treverorum in late 271.[14]
During Tetricus' reign, the main threats to the Gallic Empire came from the Roman Empire and
After Aurelian had succeeded in his reconquest of the Palmyrene Empire, he turned his attention to the Gallic Empire, beginning preparations for an invasion in either early or late 273. In early 274, Aurelian began to march into Northern Gaul, while Tetricus led his troops southward from Augusta Treverorum to meet him. The armies of Aurelian and Tetricus met in February or March 274 at the Battle of Châlons, near modern-day Châlons.[7][14] The army of Tetricus was soundly defeated in the battle, and Tetricus surrendered either directly after his defeat or later, with last possible date for his surrender being in March 274, when the Gallic mints switched from minting coins of Tetricus I and II to those of Aurelian.[7][17][18] Ancient sources such as Aurelius Victor and Eutropius report that Tetricus had already made a deal with Aurelian, offering to surrender in exchange for an honorable defeat and no punishment, quoting Virgil: "eripe me his invicte malis" (rescue me undefeated from these troubles), however this is believed to be a product of Roman imperial propaganda;[7][17][18] Aurelian, who was attempting to stabilize a fragile empire, benefited from the rumor that Tetricus had planned to betray his army, as his troops would be less likely to rise up again.[7]
Upon Tetricus' surrender, the Gallic Empire rejoined the Roman Empire, once more whole, and Aurelian held a triumph in Rome. The leaders of the two secessionist states, Tetricus of the Gallic Empire and Zenobia of the Palmyrene Empire were both paraded during this triumph.
Numismatics
The gold
Historiography
The ancient sources for the Gallic Empire are poor, made up largely of brief notes from late 4th-century Latin authors who depended heavily on the now lost
References
Primary sources
These sources were written by early chronicles and have been drawn upon by modern scholars.
- Aurelius Victor, Epitome de Caesaribus
- Aurelius Victor, Liber de Caesaribus
- Eutropius, Brevarium, Book 9
- Historia Augusta, The Thirty Tyrants
- Joannes Zonaras, Compendium of History, Zonaras: Alexander Severus to Diocletian: 222–284
- Zosimus, Historia Nova
Citations
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Nicholson 2018.
- ^ Southern 2015, p. 140.
- ^ PolferA 1999.
- ^ Southern 2015, p. 118.
- ^ a b PolferA 2000.
- ^ Potter 2004, p. 257.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Polfer 2000.
- ^ Jones, Martindale & Morris 1971, p. 885.
- ^ Jones, Martindale & Morris 1971, p. 965.
- ^ Potter 2004, p. 272.
- ^ a b c Southern 2015, p. 119.
- ^ Drinkwater 1987, p. 125.
- ^ Jones, Martindale & Morris 1971, p. 1041.
- ^ a b c d e Southern 2015, p. 175.
- ^ a b c Sayles 2007, p. 138.
- ^ Polfer 1999.
- ^ a b c d Southern 2015, p. 176.
- ^ a b c Vagi 2000, p. 386.
- ^ Matyszak 2014, p. 134.
- ^ Friedberg, Friedberg & Friedberg 2017, p. 50.
- ^ Gwynn 2018, p. 1496.
Bibliography
- Drinkwater, J.F. (1987). The Gallic Empire: Separatism and Continuity in the North-Western Provinces of the Roman Empire, A.D. 260-274. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden. ISBN 9783515048064.
- Friedberg, Arthur L.; Friedberg, Ira S.; Friedberg, Robert (2017). Gold Coins of the World: From Ancient Times to the Present. An Illustrated Standard Catalog with Valuations. Clifton: Coin & Currency Institute. ISBN 9780871840097.
- Gwynn, David (2018). "Thirty Tyrants (Tyranni Triginta)". In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 639, 934, 1206, & 1496. ISBN 978-0-192-56246-3.
- Matyszak, Philip (2014). The Roman Empire (9th ed.). London: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 9781780744254.
- Jones, Arnold Hugh Martin; Martindale, John Robert; Morris, John (1971). The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire. Cambridge University Press. p. 222. ISBN 0-521-07233-6.
- Nicholson, Oliver (2018). "Gallic Empire - Oxford Reference". OCLC 1030905378. Archived from the original on 29 August 2018. Retrieved 29 August 2018.)
{{cite journal}}
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(help - Potter, David S. (2004). The Roman Empire at Bay, AD 180–395. Abingdon: Routledge. ISBN 9781134694778.
- Sayles, Wayne G. (2007). Ancient Coin Collecting III: The Roman World – Politics and Propaganda. Iola: KP. ISBN 9780896894785.
- Southern, Patricia (2015). The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine. London: Routledge. ISBN 9781317496946.
- Vagi, David L. (2000). Coinage and History of the Roman Empire, c. 82 B.C.– A.D. 480. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn. ISBN 9781579583163.
External links
- PolferA, Michel (2000). "Roman Emperors - DIR Victorinus". www.roman-emperors.org. Archived from the original on 30 August 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2018.
{{cite web}}
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timestamp mismatch; 3 August 2018 suggested (help) - Polfer, Michel (2000). "Roman Emperors - DIR Tetricus I". www.roman-emperors.org. Archived from the original on 6 August 2018. Retrieved 6 August 2018.
- PolferA, Michel (1999). "Roman Emperors - DIR Marius". www.roman-emperors.org. Archived from the original on 30 August 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2018.
- Polfer, Michel (1999). "Roman Emperors - DIR Faustinus". Archived from the original on 27 August 2018. Retrieved 26 August 2018.