User:Imwesley/sandbox
NOTE: ALL CHANGES HAVE BEEN MOVED TO User:Imwesley/First Sudanese Civil War AS OF 01APRIL2020
Topic that I am Elaborating On
- First Sudanese Civil War
- Original text will be in (* *) while my additions will be written in [* *]
- All citations that are made here are purely my own and do not overlap with ones that have already been cited by the main author
(*The First Sudanese Civil War (also known as the Anyanya Rebellion or Anyanya I, after the name of the rebels, a term in the Madi language which means 'snake venom') was a conflict from 1955 to 1972 between the northern part of Sudan and the southern Sudan region that demanded representation and more regional autonomy. Half a million people died over the 17 years [*and the war was*] divided into three stages: initial guerrilla war, Anyanya, and South Sudan Liberation Movement.
[*Although, the peace*] agreement that ended the First Sudanese Civil War's fighting in 1972, [*it*]failed to completely dispel the tensions [*and addressed only some of the issues stated by Southern Sudan. The breakdown of the initial appeasement later led*] to a reigniting of the north-south conflict during the Second Sudanese Civil War, which lasted from 1983 to 2005. The period between 1955 and 2005 is thus sometimes considered to be a single conflict with an eleven-year ceasefire that [*separated the *] two violent phases. *)
[*Background*]
[*/Colonial Legacy*]
(*Until 1956, the
This act was taken without consultation with [*the*] southern leaders, who [*now*] feared being subsumed by the political power of the larger north[* after being under the British colonial rule
After the February 1953 agreement by the United Kingdom and Egypt to grant independence to Sudan, the internal tensions over the nature of the relationship of north to south were heightened. Matters reached a head as the 1 January 1956 independence day approached, as it appeared that northern leaders were backing away from commitments to create a federal government that would give the south substantial autonomy.*)
[*Uprising*]
(*On 18 August 1955, members of the British-administered
[*Course of the*]War
The insurgents gradually developed into a secessionist movement composed of the 1955 mutineers and southern students. These groups formed the
The government was unable to take advantage of rebel weaknesses because of their own factionalism and instability. The first independent government of Sudan, led by Prime Minister Ismail al-Azhari, was quickly replaced by a stalemated coalition of various conservative forces, which was in turn overthrown in the coup d'état of Chief of Staff Brigadier Ibrahim Abboud in 1958.
Resentment at the military government built up. A raid by security forces on a seminar on "the Problem of the Southern Sudan" at the
These protests included the first appearance of
In-fighting between
The South was first led by the late leader Aggrey Jaden; he left the movement in 1969 due to internal political disputes. In the same year Gordon Muortat Mayen was elected unanimously as the new leader of the South. Southern Sudan in this time changed their name to the Nile Republic and resumed warfare against Khartoum, however some of the former leader Jaden's troops would not accept a Dinka leader and fought against the Anyanya. In 1971, former army lieutenant Joseph Lagu formed a successful coup d'état against Gordon Muortat with help from Israel, which pledged him their support. [*In which, the defected Equatorian commander was able to unify these troops of guerrilla fighters *]under his Southern Sudan Liberation Movement (SSLM[2]). This was the first time in the history of the war that the separatist movement had a unified command structure to fulfill the objectives of secession and the formation of an independent state in South Sudan. It was also the first organization that could claim to speak for, and negotiate on behalf of, the entire south. Mediation between the World Council of Churches (WCC) and the All Africa Conference of Churches (AACC), both of which spent years building up trust with the two combatants, eventually led to the Addis Ababa Agreement of March 1972 ending the conflict. In exchange for ending their armed uprising, southerners were granted a single southern administrative region with various defined powers. However, this agreement was denounced as a sellout by former leaders Aggrey Jaden and Gordon Muortat Mayen. The agreement's demise was predicted by both, with Muortat going on to form and lead the African National Front, an opposition movement against the Addis Ababa talks and agreement, and also in 1975, the Anyanya Patriotic Front — a new liberation movement with the same aims as SSPG, NPG and the first Anyanya — to liberate the South as a separate country from the North. The civil war was finally restarted, this time under John Garang. *)
Effects
(*Five hundred thousand people, of whom only one in five was considered an armed combatant, were killed in the seventeen years of war, and hundreds of thousands more were
References
- these are solely my references
- )
- ^ ISSN 1382-340X.
Bibliography
- Smith, Stephen W. “Sudan: In a Procrustean Bed with Crisis.” International Negotiation, vol. 16, no. 1, Jan. 2011, pp. 169–189. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1163/157180611X553917.
- Leach, Justin D. 2011. War and Politics in Sudan : Cultural Identities and the Challenges of the Peace Process. International Library of African Studies: 36. I.B. Tauris.
- Arnold, Matthew, et al. South Sudan : From Revolution to Independence. Oxford University Press, 2013.
- Logo MuLukwat, Kuyang Harriet. “Challenges of Regulating Non-International Armed Conflicts - an Examination of Ongoing Trends in South Sudan’s Civil War.” Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies, vol. 6, no. 2, Oct. 2015, pp. 414–442.
- Breidlid, Anders1, anders.breidlid@hioa. n. “The Role of Education in Sudan’s Civil War.” Prospects (00331538), vol. 43, no. 1, Mar. 2013, pp. 35–47.
- Ali, Taisier Mohamed Ahmed, and Robert O. Matthews. Civil Wars in Africa : Roots and Resolution. McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1999.