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sport equipments and other athletic and recreational products | |
Revenue | ![]() |
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Total assets | ![]() |
Total equity | ![]() |
Number of employees | 44,000 (2012)[2] |
Website | www |
Nike, Inc. (
The company was founded on January 25, 1964 as Blue Ribbon Sports by
History
Nike, originally known as Blue Ribbon Sports (BRS), was founded by
According to Otis Davis, a student athlete whom Bowerman coached at the University of Oregon, who later went on to win two gold medals at the 1960 Summer Olympics, Bowerman made the first pair of Nike shoes for him, contradicting a claim that they were made for Phil Knight. Says Davis, "I told Tom Brokaw that I was the first. I don't care what all the billionaires say. Bill Bowerman made the first pair of shoes for me. People don't believe me. In fact, I didn't like the way they felt on my feet. There was no support and they were too tight. But I saw Bowerman make them from the waffle iron, and they were mine."[7]
In 1966, BRS opened its first retail store, located at 3107 Pico Boulevard in
In 1976, the company hired John Brown and Partners, based in Seattle, as its first advertising agency. The following year, the agency created the first "brand ad" for Nike, called "There is no finish line," in which no Nike product was shown. By 1980, Nike had attained a 50% market share in the U.S. athletic shoe market, and the company went public in December of that year.[10]
Together, Nike and Wieden+Kennedy have created many print and television advertisements, and Wieden+Kennedy remains Nike's primary ad agency. It was agency co-founder
Throughout the 1980s, Nike expanded its product line to encompass many sports and regions throughout the world.[14]
Acquisitions
As of September 2012, Nike, Inc. owns four key subsidiaries:
Finance
Nike Inc. will buy back $8 billion of Nike's class B stock in 4 years after the current $5 billion buyback program is completed in second quarter of fiscal 2013. Up to September 2012, Nike Inc. has bought back $10 billion of stock.[19]
Product divisions
Nike produces a wide range of sports equipment. Their first products were track running shoes. They currently also make shoes, jerseys, shorts,
Nike sells an assortment of products, including shoes and apparel for sports activities like association football,
In 2004, Nike launched the
Some of Nike's newest shoes contain Flywire and Lunarlite Foam to reduce weight.[24]
On July 15, 2009, the Nike+ Sports Band was released in stores. The product records distance run and calories expended, keeps time, and also gives runners new programs online they could try running.[clarification needed]
The 2010 Nike Pro Combat jersey collection were worn by teams from the following universities: Miami, Alabama, Boise State University, Florida, Ohio State, Oregon State University, Texas Christian University, Virginia Tech, West Virginia, and Pittsburgh. Teams will wear these jerseys in key matchups as well as any time the athletic department deems it necessary.[25]
Headquarters
Nike's world headquarters are surrounded by the city of Beaverton, but are within unincorporatedWashington County. The city attempted to forcibly annex Nike's headquarters, which led to a lawsuit by Nike, andlobbying by the company that ultimately ended in Oregon Senate Bill 887 of 2005. Under that bill's terms, Beaverton is specifically barred from forcibly annexing the land that Nike and Columbia Sportswear occupy in Washington County for 35 years, while Electro Scientific Industries and Tektronix receive the same protection for 30 years.[26]
Manufacturing
Nike has contracted with more than 700 shops around the world and has offices located in 45 countries outside the United States.[27] Most of the factories are located in Asia, including Indonesia, China, Taiwan, India,[28] Thailand, Vietnam, Pakistan, Philippines, and Malaysia.[29] Nike is hesitant to disclose information about the contract companies it works with. However, due to harsh criticism from some organizations like CorpWatch, Nike has disclosed information about its contract factories in its Corporate Governance Report.
Human rights concerns
Sweatshops
Nike has been criticized for contracting with factories (known as
During the 1990s, Nike faced criticism for the use of
In 2001, a BBC documentary uncovered occurrences of child labor and poor working conditions in a Cambodian factory used by Nike.[32] The documentary focused on six girls, who all worked seven days a week, often 16 hours a day.
Campaigns have been taken up by many colleges and universities, especially
As of July 2011, Nike stated that two-thirds of its factories producing Converse products still do not meet the company's standards for worker treatment. A July 2011 Associated Press article stated that employees at the company's plants in Indonesia reported constant abuse from supervisors.[34]
Environmental record
According to the New England-based environmental organization Clean Air-Cool Planet, Nike ranks among the top three companies (out of 56) in a survey of climate-friendly companies.
Another project Nike has begun is called Nike's Reuse-A-Shoe program. This program, started in 1993, is Nike's longest-running program that benefits both the environment and the community by collecting old athletic shoes of any type in order to process and recycle them. The material that is produced is then used to help create sports surfaces such as basketball courts, running tracks, and playgrounds.[38]
A project through the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill found workers were exposed to toxic isocyanates and other chemicals in footwear factories in Thailand. In addition to inhalation, dermal exposure was the biggest problem found. This could result in allergic reactions including asthmatic reactions.[39][40]
Marketing strategy
This section needs additional citations for verification. (July 2007) |
Nike promotes its products by sponsorship agreements with celebrity athletes, professional teams and college athletic teams.
Advertising
In 1982, Nike aired its first national television ads, created by newly formed ad agency
Nike also has earned the
Beatles song
Nike was criticized for its use of the Beatles song "Revolution" in a 1987 commercial against the wishes ofApple Records, the Beatles' recording company. Nike paid US$250,000 to Capitol Records Inc., which held the North American licensing rights to the recordings, for the right to use the Beatles' rendition for a year.
Apple sued Nike Inc., Capitol Records Inc., EMI Records Inc. and Wieden+Kennedy for $15 million.[44] Capitol-EMI countered by saying the lawsuit was "groundless" because Capitol had licensed the use of "Revolution" with the "active support and encouragement of Yoko Ono Lennon, a shareholder and director of Apple."
Nike discontinued airing ads featuring "Revolution" in March 1988. Yoko Ono later gave permission to Nike to use John Lennon's "Instant Karma" in another advertisement.
Minor Threat advertisement
In late June 2005, Nike received criticism from
On June 27, Nike Skateboarding's website issued an apology to Dischord, Minor Threat, and fans of both and announced that they have tried to remove and dispose of all flyers. They stated that the people who designed it were skateboarders and Minor Threat fans themselves who created the advertisement out of respect and appreciation for the band.[45] The dispute was eventually settled out of court between Nike and Minor Threat.
Nike 6.0
As part of the 6.0 campaign, Nike introduced a new line of T-shirts that include phrases such as "Dope", "Get High" and "Ride Pipe" – sports lingo that is also a
Sponsorship
Nike pays top athletes in many sports to use their products and promote and advertise their technology and design.
Nike's first professional athlete endorser was Romanian tennis player Ilie Năstase. The first track endorser was distance runner Steve Prefontaine. Prefontaine was the prized pupil of the company's co-founder, Bill Bowerman, while he coached at the University of Oregon. Today, the Steve Prefontaine Building is named in his honor at Nike's corporate headquarters.
Nike has also sponsored many other successful track and field athletes over the years, such as Carl Lewis, Jackie Joyner-Kersee andSebastian Coe. The signing of basketball player Michael Jordan in 1984, with his subsequent promotion of Nike over the course of his career, with Spike Lee as Mars Blackmon, proved to be one of the biggest boosts to Nike's publicity and sales.
Nike was the official kit sponsor for the
Nike sponsors some of the leading football national teams.
Nike is a major sponsor of the athletic programs at
Causes
In 2012, Nike is listed as a partner of the (RED) campaign, together with other brands such as Girl, American Express and Converse. The campaign's mission is to prevent the transmission of the HIV virus from mother to child by 2015 (the campaign's byline is "Fighting For An AIDS Free Generation").[52]
See also
- List of companies of the United States
- List of swimwear brands
References
- ^ a b Nikebiz : Company Overview : History : 1960s, Nike, Inc., Retrieved on August 12, 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f "2012 Form 10-K, Nike, Inc". United States Securities and Exchange Commission.
- ^ Sage, Alexandria (June 26, 2008). "Nike profit up but shares tumble on U.S. concerns". Reuters. Retrieved 2008-07-10.
- ^ Schwartz, Peter (February 3, 2010). "The World's Top Sports Brands". Forbes. Retrieved 2012-06-04.
- ^ "Nike sells Bauer Hockey for $200 Million". The Sports Network. February 21, 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-02-25. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
- ^ "Company Overview : History : 1950s". Nikebiz. Retrieved 2010-03-04.
- ^ Hague, Jim (May 14, 2006). "Truant officer was Olympic hero Emerson High has gold medalist in midst". The Hudson Reporter. Retrieved 2012-03-18.
- ^ "Logos that became legends: Icons from the world of advertising". The Independent. London. 2008-01-04. Retrieved 2010-02-11.
- ^ "Registration Number 72414177". TESS. U.S. Patent & Trademark Office. Retrieved February 11, 2010.
- ^ "Company Overview : History : 1970s". Nikebiz. Retrieved 2010-03-04.
- ^ "Company Overview : History : 1970s". Nikebiz. Retrieved 2010-03-04.
- ^ "Nike's 'Just Do It' slogan celebrates 20 years | Oregon Business News". OregonLive.com. Retrieved 2010-03-04.
- ^ Peters, Jeremy W. (August 19, 2009). "The Birth of 'Just Do It' and Other Magic Words". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-09-30.
- ^ Nike Origins[dead link]
- ^ "Daily Grind – Nike buys Hurley". Surfline. 2002-02-22. Retrieved 2010-03-04.
- ^ Partlow, Joshua (July, 2003). "Nike Drafts An All Star". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ "Nike to buy Umbro – Portland Business Journal:". Portland.bizjournals.com. 2007-10-23. Retrieved 2010-03-04.
- ^ "Nike unloads Starter for $60M – Portland Business Journal:". Portland.bizjournals.com. 2007-11-15. Retrieved 2010-03-04.
- ^ "Nike approves $8 billion share repurchase program". September 20, 2012.
- ^ "Nike launches cricket shoe Air Zoom Yorker". The Hindu Business Line. September 2, 2006. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
- ^ "Nike Air Zoom Control II FS Futsal Shoes at Soccer Pro". Soccerpro.com. Retrieved 2010-03-04.
- ^ T. Scott Saponas, Jonathan Lester, Carl Hartung, Tadayoshi Kohno. "Devices That Tell On You: The Nike+iPod Sport Kit" (PDF).
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Tom Espiner (2006-12-13). "Nike+iPod raises RFID privacy concerns". CNet.
- ^ "Latest materials improve sportswear performance". ICIS Chemical Business. Retrieved 2008-10-14.
- ^ "Nike Pro Combat Jersey Info". WVU Sports Insider. September 1, 2010.
- ^ "Appellate court rejects Beaverton annexation | The Oregonian Extra". Blog.oregonlive.com. 2006-06-16. Retrieved 2010-03-04.
- ^ NikeBiz | Investors | Corporate[dead link]
- ^ "India's 50 most trusted brands". rediff.com. 2011-01-20.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ Labor Practices in Vietnam[dead link]
- ^ "MIT" (PDF). Retrieved September 18, 2010.
- ^ Sun Thyda, 12 (2000-10-15). "Programmes | Panorama | Archive | Gap and Nike: No Sweat? October 15, 2000". BBC News. Retrieved 2010-03-04.
{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "Sweatfree Campus Campaign Launch". Studentsagainstsweatshops.org. 2005-09-28. Retrieved September 18, 2010.
- Japan Times, July 15, 2011, p. 4.
- ^ Zabarenko, Deborah (2007-06-19). "Reuters report". Reuters. Retrieved September 18, 2010.
- ^ "Nike". ClimateCounts. Retrieved September 18, 2010.
- ^ [2][dead link] April 23, 2008. Retrieved: May 4, 2008
- ^ Wicked Local, April 29, 2008, retrieved May 4, 2008
- ^ "Nike's Knight Is Advertiser of the Year | Marketing & Advertising > Marketing & Advertising Overview from". AllBusiness.com. Retrieved 2010-03-04.
- ^ Fass, Allison (2000-08-31). "The Media Business - Advertising - Addenda - The Media Business - Advertising - Addenda - Nike Spot Wins An Emmy Award". New York Times. Retrieved 2010-03-04.
- ^ Rutenberg, Jim (2002-09-20). "The Media Business - Advertising - Addenda - The Media Business - Advertising - Addenda - Nike Spot Wins An Emmy Award". New York Times. Retrieved 2010-03-04.
- ^ According to a July 28, 1987 article written by the Associated Press.
- ^ "Skateboarding". Nike. Retrieved September 18, 2010.
- ^ Brettman, Allan (June 22, 2011). "Nike courts controversy, publicity with drug-themed skater shirts". The Oregonian. Retrieved 2011-06-24.
- ^ "Nike Inc. (NYSE:NKE) Facing Slogan Backlash". stocksandshares.tv. June 24, 2011.
- ^ Team India's new NIKE ODI kit
- ^ Indian Cricket team's NIKE ODI kit
- ^ "Paterno's name off child care center". FOX Sports. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
- ^ "Joe Paterno's Name Removed From Child Development Center at Nike Headquarters". NESN.com. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
- ^ "(RED) Partners". (RED). (RED), a division of The ONE Campaign. 2012. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
Further reading
- Egan, Timothy (September 13, 1998). "The swoon of the swoosh". New York Times Magazine.
External links
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- Official website
- Nikeinc.com – Business Site
- Oregon Senate Bill 887, as signed by Governor Ted Kulongoski
- Company summary, from the New York Stock Exchange website
- Stüssy + Nike, Stüssy + Nike website
- Nike at the Open Directory Project