User:Marykate20/Trypanosome Drug Resistance

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Trypanosome Drug Resistance

Drug

postulated that it may be connected to cross-resistance between the various drugs due to their closely comparable chemical structures. Therefore, trypanosome medication resistance poses a significant threat to livestock productivity.[6]

Epidemiology

For the epidemiological control of African trypanosomiases, geo-referenced data on

tsetse flies is crucial since it enables researchers to assess the risks of the disease from a wider angle. Similarly, collecting information on tsetse fly drug-resistant trypanosomes will be helpful for pinpointing the regions where these trypanosomes are spread.[7]Each year, trypanosomosis kills 3 million head of cattle, putting 50 million animals in sub-Saharan Africa at risk. In 21 African nations, drug resistance has been documented. Thus, drug resistance in animal trypanosomes displays a pattern distinct from that seen with Plasmodium sp. (the malaria-causing parasite), where a complete cessation of chloroquine use allows for a return to drug sensitivity.[8]The first trypanosome medication resistance case was documented in northern Nigeria in 1967. [9]

Drug Resistance in Human African Trypanosomiasis

A

parasites need to be exposed to drugs in order to become active at deadly levels for long enough to have a trypanocidal impact. Pharmacokinetics is even more crucial in stage 2 HAT because medications must get to parasites in the central nervous system CNS and other favored body compartments. Correct diagnosis of whether the disease is in stage 1 or stage 2 is crucial but challenging because different treatments have different capacities to distribute to these compartments.[17]

Drug Resistance in African Animal Trypanosomiasis

The emergence of drug-resistant trypanosome strains is considered a serious problem in trypanosomiasis control particularly for the resource-poor, at-risk populations and farmers in Africa [18]. The presence of indiscriminate drug utilization practices and subsequent complaints over the efficacy of the available trypanocidal drugs supplemented the presence of resistant strains[19]Less research have examined how drug-resistant trypanosomes affect the production of animals. Yet, it is crucial to evaluate the problem's distribution as well as the obstacles that prevent the disease from being effectively controlled and its economic impact.[20]The problem of drug resistance in animal trypanosomosis is highly spreading geographically to many regions where the disease occurs[21] The removal of trypanosomes that are resistant to a low dose of a trypanocide by a greater dose of the same substance appears to be the first stage in the development of resistance. [22] The primary methods of treating the illness are chemotherapy and chemoprophylaxis. DIM derivatives, suramin, quinapyramine, homidium, ISMM, and pyrithidium are the substances frequently used for treating or preventing animal trypanosomosis. [23].

Diminazene Aceturate

It is the only trypanocidal drug used against Babesia spp. It is one of the most commonly used trypanocide drug. In 1955, diminazene was made available as a trypanocide for domestic livestock. Nonetheless, preliminary research indicated that the substance was quite effective against trypanosome and Babesia species

.

metabolized and excreted Diminazene residues may persist for several weeks in the edible tissues of cattle and other food-producing animals, especially in the liver and kidney, whereas the drug levels in milk peak at 6 hours and fall to below detection limits after 48 hours. For this reason it is advised that cattle and sheep destined for human consumption are subject to a 21–35 days pre-slaughter withdrawal from drug, while a 3-day milk withdrawal period is recommended[28]

Isometamidium Chloride

For the treatment of Trypanosoma congolense infections in cattle, isometamidium chloride (Samorin R, RMB Animal Health Ltd.) is one of the top medications used both therapeutically and preventatively. Cattle have complete

Homidium is significantly more widely distributed throughout the trypanosome, whereas isometamidium is primarily concentrated in the kinetoplast[32]

Conclusion

The fact that treated animals may have relapse following chemotherapy is one effect of medication resistance to trypanosomes. However, not all relapses can be attributable to resistance; some may occur as a result of underdosing, reinfection, or the trypanosomes emerging from tissues outside the range of the trypanocidal medication. The final point is especially important for members of the Trypanozoon subgenus, such as T. evansi, because these trypanosomes are known to localize in extra-vascular tissues, including the central nervous system (CNS), particularly in the course of an infection. Also, farmers should avoid treating the animals themselves without the aid of a veterinary doctor, so as to avoid under dosing ,overdosing and buildup of resistance.

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  32. doi:10.1016/S0001-706X(02)00188-2. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help
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