User:RightCowLeftCoast/Sandbox/Philippine Enlistment Program
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Philippine Enlistment Program | |
---|---|
Part of Military Bases Agreement | |
Type | Recruitment |
Location | Philippines |
Date | 1 January 1947 – 31 December 1992 |
Executed by | United States Navy |
The Philippine Enlistment Program was a recruitment program of the United States Navy. It recruited Filipino citizens into the United States Navy, without need of immigration papers. It existed from 1947, until 1992, as it was part of the
Background
Filipino seaman during the manila galleon
Filipino seaman jumping ship, settling in the United States
Spanish American War into the Philippine American War
Filipinos being allowed to enlist in the United States Navy
Filipinos in the Navy during World War I & World War II
Philippine Independence
1947 Military Bases Agreement
For over 400 years Filipino mariners have been plying the worlds waters.
Around the turn of the 20th Century, the United States was in
In 1946, the Philippines became an independent nation, ending its period as an American commonwealth.[19] Just prior to independence, a rush of Filipinos attempted to enlist into the Navy.[18] In 1947, the signing of the U.S.-Philippine Military Bases Agreement formalized Filipino enlistment in the U.S. Navy without immigrant credentials.[19]
Program
Structure of program
The enlistment program created a situation unique to the Navy, which did not apply to the branches of the rest of the Armed Forces, which allowed for enlistment of male Filipino citizens living in the Philippines; all other branches required foreign nationals to first be
When taking their oath of enlistment, an insertion to the oath is made for Filipino enlistees, which states that their service does not deprive them of Philippine citizenship.[18] Filipinos who enlisted into the Navy were later able to naturalize and become American citizens.[22]
Impact
Number of Filipinos in the United States Navy, what rates they entered
Impact on population of Filipino Americans
1992 end
From 1946, until 1965, Filipino immigration to the United States was limited to 100 persons a year due to the
Filipino American sailors remained restricted to the rating of steward, with 80% of the almost seventeen thousand Filipino American sailors being stewards;[26] the tasks of the rate were seen as a systematic femenizing/emasculating of Filipinos on a ship's crew.[27] In 1970, there were more Filipinos serving in the U.S. Navy than there were in the Philippine Navy;[28] that same year, the number of Filipinos recruited into the United States Navy was reduced from the thousands per year down to 35 a month, while Filipinos re-enlistment rates were 95% (which made them eligible for naturalization).[29] The rating restriction ended in 1973, after the U.S. Senate investigated civil rights issues in the U.S. Navy and opened all ratings to Filipino Americans.[30] In 1974, there were 22,500 Filipinos serving in the Navy, an increase from 16,000 a decade prior; of those serving in 1974, nearly half were serving in rates other than steward.[18] In the White House, Filipinos Navy stewards, continued to serve as valets after the restriction was lifted,[31] as late as into the 1990s.[32] A few years later, in 1976, there were over seventeen thousand Filipino Americans in the U.S. Navy, including just under a hundred officers.[12][33]
In 1982, over a thousand candidates applied to the recruiting program, less than fifty were allowed to join the navy.
See also
References
- ISBN 978-1-4529-3283-5.
- ^ Bartolomé Leonardo de Argensola; John Stevens (1708). The Discovery and Conquest of the Molucco and Philippine Islands: Containing, Their History, Ancient and Modern, ... Written in Spanish by Bartholomew Leonardo de Argensola, ... Now Translated Into English: and Illustrated ...
Leandro Heriberto Fernández (1919). A Brief History of the Philippines. Ginn and Company. pp. 44–53. - ^ William Lytle Schurz (1939). The Manila Galleon. Historical Conservation Society.
"The Manila Galleon, a Spanish trade route that connected 3 continents". San Diego Union Tribune. Agencia EFE. 15 September 2016. Retrieved 9 May 2019. - ISBN 978-1-4696-0724-5.(PDF). Making the First Global Trade Route: The Southeast Asian Foundations of the Acapulco-Manila Galleon Trade, 1519-1650 (Doctoral thesis). University of Hawaii at Manoa. pp. 258–272. Retrieved 9 May 2019.
Talampas, Rolando G. (January 2015). "Life and Times of Filipino Seamen During the Period of Spanish Colonialism". Hong Kong: Southeast Asia Research Centre. Retrieved 9 May 2019 – via academia.edu.
Peterson, Andrew Christian (August 2014). "Indios aboard the Manila Galleons and Across the Pacific" - ISBN 978-0-89789-479-1.
- ^ James Alexander Robertson (1922). The Hispanic American Historical Review. Board of Editors of the Hispanic American Review. pp. 648–661.
- . Retrieved 9 May 2019.
- S2CID 144426711. Retrieved 9 May 2019.
- ISBN 978-3-487-15504-3.
- ^ Jacobs, Ryan (9 August 2013). "The Strange Sexual Quirk of Filipino Seafarers". The Atlantic. Washington, D.C: Emerson Collective. Retrieved 3 May 2019.
- ^ Great Projects Film Company, Inc. (1999). "The Film". Crucible. PBS. Retrieved 10 July 2019.
Plante, Trevor K. (Summer 2000). "Researching Service in the U.S. Army During the Philippine Insurrection". Prologue. Vol. 32, no. 2. United States National Archives and Records Administraiton. Retrieved 10 July 2019.
"Spanish-American War and the Philippine-American War, 1898-1902". Golden Gate National Recreation Area. National Park Service. 28 February 2015. Retrieved 10 July 2019. - ^ a b Hooker, J.S. (October 1976). "Filipinos in the United States Navy". Naval Historical Center. Department of the Navy. Archived from the original on 2006-08-20. Retrieved 2 September 2009.
- ISBN 978-0-674-02357-4.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-4051-3709-6.
- ISBN 978-1-4399-0557-9.
- ^ Naval History & Heritage Command (1 April 2011). "The Insular Force: Adapting to Local Conditions". Naval History Blog. United States Naval Institute. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
- doi:10.15779/Z38PC3B. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
- ^ a b c d e Finney, John W. (24 November 1974). "My is Enlisting Filipino Servants". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 July 2019.
- ^ a b Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class Rialyn Rodrigo (1 March 2009). "Philippine Enlistment Program Sailors Reflect on Heritage". Navy Region Southwest. United States Navy. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
Maligat, Luisto G. (June 2000). Study of the U.S. Navy's Philippines Enlistment Program, 1981-1991 (PDF) (Thesis). Naval Postgraduate School. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
McNutt, Paul V.; Roxas, Manuel; Quirino, Epidio (1947), "Article XXVII Voluntary Enlistment of Philippine Citizens" (PDF), Agreement Between the United States of American and the Republic of the Philippines Concerning Military Bases, United States: Library of Congress, p. 68, retrieved 2 September 2019 - ^ Reza, H.G. (20 April 1986). "Filipino Nationals in U.S. Navy Say They Would Like to Become Citizens". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 14 July 2019.
- ISBN 978-0-520-92926-5.
- ^ Reyes, Christina (Spring 2019) [1987]. Family Matters: The Effects of Filipino U.S. Air Force Membership Across Generations (Undergraduate Honors Theses). University of Colorado, Boulder. Docket Honors Program. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
- ISBN 978-0-231-12082-1. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
- ^ Espiritu, Yen Le; Wolf, Diane L. (1999). "The Paradox of Assimilation: Children of Filipino Immigrants in San Diego -- Yen Espiritu". Research & Seminars. University of California, Davis. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
- ^ Gaston, Chino (7 August 2019). "Filipinos shine aboard one of the most powerful US Warships". GMA. Philippines. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
Quismundo, Tarra (26 October 2012). "US Navy feasts on adobo, pansit, lumpia, chopsuey". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Philippines. Retrieved 5 September 2019. - ISBN 978-0-313-29961-2.
- ISBN 978-1-4529-3283-5.
- ISBN 978-1-136-05062-6.
- ^ "Filipino Stewards Still Used by Navy, But Number Drops". The New York Times. Associated Press. 25 October 1970. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
- ISBN 9780415879415. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
- ^ Scharff, Ned (29 July 1974). "Filipinos Remain As White House Lackeys". Daytona Beach Morning Journal. Washington Star News Service. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
- Connie Mariano (2010). Dr. Connie Mariano, "The White House Doctor: My Patients Were Presidents - A Memoir". BookTV, CSPAN. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
- ^ a b Rowe, Peter (27 July 2016). "Deep ties connect Filipinos, Navy and San Diego". San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
- ^ Logico, Mark (13 October 211). "Sailors Become Citizens at Pearl Harbor Visitors Center". Navy Region Hawaii Public Affairs. Retrieved 2 May 2019.
- ^ H.G. Reza (27 February 1992). "Navy to Stop Recruiting Filipino Nationals : Defense: The end of the military base agreement with the Philippines will terminate the nearly century-old program". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
PH2 Clayton Farrington (August 1992). "The Last Recruits: Philippine Citizens Take Oath in Subic Bay". All Hands.{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Arciaga, Ryre (6 May 2019). "The Lasting Legacy of the Subic Bay Sailors". USS Kearsarge (LHD 3). Arabian Gulf. Archived from the original on 3 May 2019. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
{{cite news}}
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(help) - ^ Legros, Joe (21 May 2018). "A Filipino-American Sky Soldier Celebrates Asian American Pacific Islander Heritage Month". Defense Visual Information Distribution Service. 173rd Airborne Brigade. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: location (link)
Ambion, Francis (29 May 2019). "Air Force officer continues Filipino family tradition". Lompoc Record. California. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
Potential reference
- Gavilan, Jason Luna (2012). The Politics of Enlistment, Empire, and the "U.S.-Philippine Nation": Enlisted and Civilian Filipino Workers in and beyond the United States Navy, 1941-1965 (Doctoral dissertation). University of Michigan.
Further reading
- Jackson, Michael D. (10 April 2019). "Beyond the Mask: Untold Stories of the U.S. Navy Filipinos". Asian Journal USA. National City, California: Asian Journal.
External links
- Farolan, Ramon (26 November 2018). "A splendid legacy". Philippine Daily Inquirer (Opinion). Philippines.
- BeligerentBetty (20 February 2016). "The myth of the Filipino Mafia". Beligerantbetty.com.