Visit of Heinrich Himmler to Spain in 1940
The visit of Nazi leader
The course of the visit
Himmler had accepted the invitation extended by Director General of Security José Finat y Escrivá de Romaní, whom he had met in Berlin in August of that year.[3] The main purpose of the visit was to inspect the Spanish security forces, discuss Spanish-German police cooperation, and prepare for the planned meeting between Franco and Hitler.[4] However, the official version at the time depicted this visit more like a mere tourist trip.[2]
Himmler was accompanied by a German entourage, including close collaborators such as Karl Wolff and Joachim Peiper.[5][6] On the morning of 19 October, the Nazi leader entered the country via the border control checkpoint at Irun, where he was received by, among others, the director general of security; the commander of the Sixth Military Region , General José López-Pinto Berizo ; the German ambassador to Spain, Eberhard von Stohrer; the head of the Gestapo in Madrid, Paul Winzer ; and the president of the Nazi Party in Spain, Hans Thomsen .[7][8] Shortly after crossing the border, he stopped in San Sebastián,[9] where he was the guest of honor of the local authorities and visited various sites. He made another stop in Burgos and visited its famous cathedral.[10] While in this city, he met and had dinner with Franco.[7]
On the morning of 20 October, he arrived at the
Serrano Suñer used this visit to boost his political position within the regime. Since he was not satisfied with the coverage by the regime's press outlets, he gave instructions to Enrique Giménez-Arnau —the general director of the press—so that newspapers such as ABC, Ya, or Arriba would [estar] a la altura de las circunstancias.[c][17]
The following day, Himmler traveled to
After their stay in the capital, the German entourage headed to Barcelona by plane. In the morning of 23 October, Himmler landed in
It so happened that while the Nazi leader was in Barcelona, his portfolio, carrying secret documents, went missing.[e]
Significance and transcendence
During his tour around Spain, Himmler also visited some prisons and
Himmler held several meetings with Serrano, after which they reached an agreement to strengthen the political and police cooperation between both countries:[34] the Gestapo would open an office at the German Embassy in Madrid and the Sicherheitsdienst (SD) would establish delegations in each German consulate in Spanish soil,[12] while the Nazi agents acting in the Spanish territory would have diplomatic immunity. In return, Spanish agents acting in Germany and occupied France would also have immunity.[3] Likewise, Himmler made sure that one of his deputies who was already operating in the country, Paul Winzer , would train the new Spanish secret police.[35] These agreements would ultimately join the one signed in 1938, which provided for the mutual extradition of detainees between both countries and the establishment of an SD network. Apart from police matters, some issues related to Nazi propaganda in Spain were also discussed.[4]
Image gallery
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Himmler in Irun, after arriving in Spain.
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Strolling through the streets of San Sebastián.
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Visiting theSan Telmo Museumin San Sebastián.
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Next to Franco and Serrano Suñer, at the reception in the Royal Palace of El Pardo.
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Visiting the ruins of the Alcázar of Toledo.
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Visiting an old checa in Barcelona.
See also
Notes
- Sindicato Vertical (Spanish Syndical Organization).[7]
- ^ English: With men like Himmler, strong States reach their zenith.
- ^ English: Rise to the occasion
- ^ At El Escorial, the entourage also visited the tomb of José Antonio Primo de Rivera—the founder of the Falange Española—where they laid a wreath.[18]
- ^ In fact, some authors have hinted at the British secret service as being behind this incident.[30]
References
- ^ Thomàs 2008, p. 118.
- ^ a b c d Longerich 2012, p. 504.
- ^ a b Preston 2011, p. 642.
- ^ a b Espadas Burgos 1987, p. 111.
- ^ von Lang 2013, p. 168.
- ^ Agte 1999, p. 44.
- ^ a b c Bowen 2000, p. 92.
- ^ Pike 2008, p. 39.
- ^ Westemeier 2014, p. 169.
- ^ Pike 2008, p. 159.
- ^ a b c Montoliú 2005, p. 149.
- ^ a b Pike 2008, p. 40.
- ^ Preston 2011, p. 590.
- ^ Gutiérrez Alarcón 1978, p. 104.
- ^ García Gibert 2010, p. 285.
- ^ González-Doria 1976, p. 78.
- ^ Pike 2008, pp. 39–40.
- ^ a b Parker 2014, p. 70.
- ^ Bowen 2000, pp. 92–93.
- ^ Pastor i Petit 1990, p. 230.
- ^ a b Longerich 2012, p. 505.
- ^ Longerich 2012, p. 510.
- ^ Ferret i Pujol 2010, p. 91.
- ^ Benet i Morell 1979, p. 369.
- ^ Westemeier 2014, p. 170.
- ^ Preston 2011, pp. 642–643.
- ^ a b c Preston 2011, p. 643.
- ^ Alcalá 2007, pp. 76, 135.
- ^ Martín de Pozuelo & Ellakuría 2008, p. 46.
- ^ Stone 2017, p. 88.
- ^ Preston 2011, pp. 590–591.
- ^ Reig Tapia 1996, p. 267.
- ^ Rozenberg 2010, p. 184.
- ^ Christie 2002, p. 29.
Bibliography
- Agte, Patrick (1999). Jochen Peiper: Commander, Panzerregiment Leibstandarte. Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada: ISBN 978-0921991465.
- Alcalá, César (2007). Las checas del terror: la desmemoria histórica al descubierto (in Spanish). Madrid, Spain: LibrosLibres. ISBN 978-84-96088-59-7.
- ISBN 9788470311444.
- Bowen, Wayne H. (2000). Spaniards and Nazi Germany: Collaboration in the New Order. Columbia, Missouri, United States: ISBN 978-0826213006.
- Espadas Burgos, Manuel (1987). Franquismo y política exterior (in Spanish). Madrid, Spain: Ediciones Rialp. ISBN 84-321-2398-6.
- ISBN 1873976194.
- Ferret i Pujol, Joan Lluís (2010). L'Aviació i El Prat de Llobregat. 1936-1959 (in Catalan). Barcelona, Spain: J.L. Ferret. ISBN 9788461367696.
- García Gibert, Javier (2010). Sobre el viejo humanismo: exposición y defensa de una tradición (in Spanish). Madrid, Spain: Marcial Pons Ediciones de Historia. ISBN 978-84-92820-14-6.
- González-Doria, Fernando (1976). Memorias de un fascista español (in Spanish). Barcelona, Spain: Personas. ISBN 978-84-7326-000-8.
- Gutiérrez Alarcón, Demetrio (1978). Los toros de la guerra y del franquismo (in Spanish). Barcelona, Spain: Editorial Caralt. ISBN 84-2176772-0.
- Hidalgo Navarro, Rafael (2011). Julián Marías. Retrato de un filósofo enamorado (in Spanish). Madrid, Spain: Ediciones Rialp. ISBN 978-84-321-3846-1.
- ISBN 9780199592326.
- Martín de Pozuelo, Eduardo; Ellakuría, Iñaki (2008). La guerra ignorada: los espías españoles que combatieron a los nazis (in Spanish). Barcelona, Spain: Random House Mondadori. ISBN 978-84-8306-768-0.
- ISBN 9788477371595.
- Parker, Danny S. (2014). Hitler's Warrior: The Life and Wars of SS Colonel Jochen Peiper. Boston, Massachusetts, United States: ISBN 978-0306821547.
- Pastor i Petit, Domènec (1990). Espionaje: la Segunda Guerra Mundial y España (in Spanish). Barcelona, Spain: Plaza & Janés. ISBN 9788401230127.
- Pike, David Wingeate (2008). Franco and the Axis Stigma. London, United Kingdom: ISBN 978-1-349-30089-1.
- ISBN 9788483068526.
- Reig Tapia, Alberto (1996). Franco "Caudillo": Mito y realidad (in Spanish). Madrid, Spain: Editorial Tecnos. ISBN 9788430928521.
- Rozenberg, Danielle (2010). La España contemporánea y la cuestión judía (in Spanish). Madrid, Spain: Marcial Pons Ediciones de Historia. ISBN 9788492820207.
- ISBN 978-0-19-879070-9.
- ISBN 978-0-230-60450-6.
- von Lang, Jochen (2013). Top Nazi: SS General Karl Wolff, the man between Hitler and Himmler. New York, United States: Enigma Books. ISBN 978-1-936274-52-9.
- ISBN 978-3-506-77241-1.
Further reading
- Gracia Alonso, Francisco (2008). "Relations between Spanish Archaeologists and Nazi Germany (1939–1945): A preliminary examination of the influence of Das Ahnenerbe in Spain" (PDF). Bulletin of the History of Archaeology. 18 (1). University of Barcelona: 4. .
- Paredes, Josefa (14 June 2009). "La pista perdida del hombre de Hitler en España". El Mundo (in Spanish).
- Vich Sáez, Sergi (4 February 2024). "Las verdaderas razones de la visita de Himmler a España". La Vanguardia (in Spanish).