War Before Civilization

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War Before Civilization
OCLC
770942100

War Before Civilization: the Myth of the Peaceful Savage (

prehistoric societies were often violent and engaged in frequent warfare that was highly destructive to the cultures involved.[1]

Summary

Murngin, Huli
, Gebusi) with Europe and the US in the 20th century. The chart is based on War before Civilization.

Keeley conducts an investigation of the archaeological evidence for prehistoric violence, including murder and massacre as well as war. He also looks at nonstate societies of more recent times – where we can name the tribes and peoples – and their propensity for warfare.[2] It has long been known, for example, that many tribes of South America's tropical forest engaged in frequent warfare.

Keeley says peaceful societies are an exception. About 90–95% of known societies engage in war. Those that did not are almost universally either isolated

tribal warrior society, produces casualty rates of up to 60%, compared to 1% of the combatants as is typical in modern warfare. Despite the undeniable carnage and effectiveness of modern warfare, the evidence shows that tribal warfare is on average 20 times more deadly than 20th-century warfare, whether calculated as a percentage of total deaths due to war or as average deaths per year from war as a percentage of the total population.[3] Nicholas Wade writes: "Had the same casualty rate been suffered by the population of the twentieth century, its war deaths would have totaled two billion people."[4][failed verification] In modern tribal societies, death rates from war are four to six times the highest death rates in 20th-century Germany or Russia.[5]

One-half of the people found in a

Macu
before the arrival of European settlers and government. More than a third of the Yanomamo males, on average, died from warfare.

According to Keeley, among the

Sand Canyon in Colorado, although protected by a defensive wall
, was almost entirely burned, artifacts in the rooms had been deliberately smashed, and bodies of some victims were left lying on the floors. After this catastrophe in the late thirteenth century, the pueblo was never reoccupied.

For example, at the

Crow Creek Reservation in South Dakota), archaeologists found a mass grave containing the remains of more than 500 men, women, and children who had been slaughtered, scalped, and mutilated during an attack on their village a century and a half before Columbus's arrival (c. 1325 AD). The Crow Creek massacre seems to have occurred just when the village's fortifications were being rebuilt. All the houses were burned, and most of the inhabitants were murdered. This death toll represented more than 60% of the village's population, estimated from the number of houses to have been about 800. The survivors appear to have been primarily young women, as their skeletons are underrepresented among the bones; if so, they were probably taken away as captives. Certainly, the site was deserted for some time after the attack because the bodies evidently remained exposed to scavenging animals for a few weeks before burial. In other words, this whole village was annihilated in a single attack and never reoccupied.[10]

Chapter 5 compares civilized soldiers with primitive warriors. Keeley observes that tactical methods by civilized soldiers were not very good and that primitive methods were actually better. Indigenous groups in many areas of the world successfully defended and defeated multiple European colonization campaigns for decades due to primitive unorthodox warfare techniques like smaller mobile units, using small arms as opposed to artillery, open formations, frequent uses of ambushes and raids, surprise attacks, destruction of infrastructure (e.g. villages, habitations, foodstores, livestock, means of transportation), extensive uses of scouts. European conquests were greatly helped by ecological changes like diseases, viruses, and bacteria in defeating many indigenous groups since such conditions eliminated more indigenous people than did any armed conflict. The defeat of the Inca and the Aztecs are examples. Sometimes, primitive groups had better military foresight than civilized counterparts. Keeley relates an incident in which an Eipo tribal leader of highland Irian (in Western New Guinea) quickly thought of – and wanted to immediately use – aerial bombardment of enemies shortly after seeing an airplane for the first time. Keeley says the Western developers of planes took years to develop similar ideas. Many primitive techniques are preserved in modern times as guerrilla warfare.[11]

He makes three conclusions which The New York Times considers unexpected:

  • that the most important part of any society, even the most war-like ones, are the peaceful aspects such as art
  • that neither frequency nor intensity of war is correlated with population density
  • that societies frequently trading with one another fight more wars with one another

Reception

When it was published, I thought my book would annoy everybody. Other than a few anthropologists whom I either ridiculed or found rather obvious mistakes in their analyses, the reception was instead surprisingly positive. This positive response was especially true of archaeologists.

Keeley, L. H. (2014). War Before Civilization – 15 Years On. In The Evolution of Violence (pp. 23–31). Springer, New York

The New York Times said that "the book's most dramatic payoff is its concluding explanation for the recent "pacification of the past" by scholars"[12] and that "...revulsion with the excesses of World War II has led to a loss of faith in progress and Western civilization....".

American political scientist Eliot A. Cohen described the book as "At once scholarly and lucid, he paints a dark picture of human nature, although he does not believe humankind is doomed to a perpetual striving for mutual extinction. A sobering, grim, and important book."[13] Anthropologist R. Brian Ferguson gave a mostly positive review but argued that Keeley overstated the commonality of ancient warfare and that aversion by academics to the existence of pre-historical warfare was misrepresented.[14]

The book was a finalist for the 1996 Los Angeles Times Book Prize for History.[15]

Selected academic reviews

Errata

On page 93 Keeley wrote: "One author has very liberally estimated that more than 100 million people have died from all war-related causes (including famine and disease) on our planet during this century. (33)" ... Reference in "Notes" on page 215 says: "33. Rhodes 1986: 779 (citing Gil Eliot)."

Errors: Eliot is misspelled, should be "Elliot", and missing are Elliot's publication title and page number, which are: Twentieth Century Book of the Dead, 1972, page 1. This book is at the Internet Archive. The first sentence is: "THE number of man-made deaths in the twentieth century is about one hundred million. ..."

See also

References

  1. ^ Helms, M. W. (1999). War before Civilization: The Myth of the Peaceful Savage/Blood Rites: Origins and History of the Passions of War. Journal of World History, 10(2), 431.
  2. ^ "War Before Civilization: The Myth of the Peaceful Savage – Harvard Book Store". www.harvard.com. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
  3. ^ Nelson, T. J. (2006). "Review: War Before Civilization". randombio.com. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
  4. ^ Spengler (4 July 2006). "The fraud of primitive authenticity". Asia Times Online. Archived from the original on 6 July 2006. Retrieved 8 June 2009.
  5. ^ Windschuttle, Keith (16 August 2003). "Enduring myth of 'noble savage' vs. a species at continuous war?". Washington Times. Retrieved 8 June 2009.
  6. ^ "Saharan remains may be evidence of first race war, 13,000 years ago". The Independent. 14 July 2014.
  7. ^ "Proof of the First Race War Uncovered in Northern Sudan?". 16 July 2014.
  8. ^ See pp. 67–69 of the 1996 Oxford University Press edition of War Before Civilization
  9. ^ See pp. 118–119 of the 1996 Oxford University Press edition of War Before Civilization
  10. ^ "Crow Creek Massacre". www.usd.edu. Archived from the original on 22 November 1999.
  11. ISBN 9780195119121
    .
  12. ^ Lehmann-Haupt, Christopher (18 July 1996). "BOOKS OF THE TIMES;Even in Eden, It Seems, War Was Hell". The New York Times.
  13. ISSN 0015-7120
    . Retrieved 14 February 2019.
  14. doi:10.1525/aa.1997.99.2.424
    .
  15. ^ "1996 Los Angeles Times Book Prize - History Winner and Nominees". Awards Archive. 25 March 2020. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
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