Water associated fraction
The water associated fraction (WAF), sometimes termed the water-soluble fraction (W.S.F.), is the solution of low
biological degradation.[1]
Toxicity
Low molecular mass
pore water considered bioavailable.[2]
Concentration
The WAF is found in greatest concentration in close proximity to the bulk phase of hydrocarbons, the progress of which is often limited by physical containment measures such as
chemical analysis to provide identification and discriminate between different petroleum sources.[6]
Dissolution
In freshwater aquatic environments,
References
- ^ Harrison G, Lamont N. Simulated Time-based Studies To Evaluate Changes In Crude Oil Composition Through Evaporation And Biodegradation. Wessex Institute of Technology Oil and Hydrocarbon Spill Conference Greece 2002
- ^ Megharaj M, Ramakrishnan B, Venkateswarlu K, Sethunathan N, Naidu R. Bioremediation approaches for organic pollutants: A critical perspective. Environment International 2011;37(8):1362-1375.
- ^ Craig R. Soil Mechanics. 6th rev. ed. E and FN Spon, 1997.
- ^ Reusser D, Istok J, Beller H, Field J. In situ transformation of deuterated toluene and xylene to benzylsuccinic acid analogues in BTEX-contaminant|contaminated aquifers. Environmental Science and technology 2002;36(19):4127-4134.
- ^ Schmidt T, Kleinert P, Stengel C, Goss K, Haderlein S. Poler fuel constituents: compound identification and equilibrium partitioning between non aqueous phase liquids and water. Environmental Science and Technology 2002;36(19):4074-4080.
- ^ Lamont N. The screening of petroleum hydrocarbons based on the water associated fraction. Global Forensic Science today 2013.
- ^ Schmidt T, Kleinert P, Stengel C, Goss K, Haderlein S. Poler fuel constituents: compound identification and equilibrium partitioning between non aqueous phase liquids and water. Environmental Science and Technology 2002;36(19):4074-4080.
- ^ Gill R, Robotham P. Input, behaviour and fates of petroleum hydrocarbons. In Trett M, Green J, editors. The fate and effects of oil in freshwater: Elsevier Applied Science, 1989;41-79.
- ^ Brown M. Biodegradation of oil in freshwater. In Trett M, Green J, editors. The fate and effects of oil in freshwater: Elsevier Applied Science, 1989;197-213.
- ^ Suthersan S, Natural and enhanced remediation systems. CRC, 2001.
- ^ Lamont N. The screening of petroleum hydrocarbons based on the water associated fraction. Global Forensic Science today 2013.
- ^ Gray G, Chappel K, Broscomb-Smith V. Solvent enhanced bioremediation of weathered oil contamination. In: Garcia-Martinez R, and Brebbia C, editors. Oil and hydrocarbon spills: Modelling, Analysis and Control. Wessex Institute of Technology Press, 1998;315-321.