Wikipedia:Indic transliteration

Assamese velar fricatives

Sinhalese half-nasals

• ^ This character is technically a conjunct, but is encoded separately in Unicode.

Sindhi/Punjabi consonants

• ^ Represents Sindhi/Western Punjabi bbē (ٻ).
• ^ Represents Sindhi/Western Punjabi jjē (ڄ).
• ^ Represents Sindhi dd.ē (ڏ) or Western Punjabi dd.āl (ڋ).
• ^ Represents Sindhi ggē (ڳ) or Western Punjabi ggāf (ڰ).

Special notes for Punjabi

Punjabi is rather unique for an Indo-European language in that tones are a prominent feature of speech. As such, the IPA conversion is not accurate for Punjabi. Fortunately, there is a direct correlation between certain aspirated consonants and use of subscript /ha/ to represent different tones.

Voiced aspirates

The consonants that are employed for voiced aspirates in other Indian languages are not pronounced as such in Punjabi. In Punjabi these consonants are used to mark changes in tone. The table below indicates how each consonant is pronounced based on its position within a word.

At the beginning or middle of a word, a voiced aspirate indicates a low tone on the following vowel. Examples:

• ਘੋੜਾ /gʱoːɽaː/ is actually pronounced [kòːɽaː]
• ਪਘਾਰਨਾ /pəgʱaːrnaː/ is actually pronounced [pəgàːrnaː]
• ਮਘਾਣਾ /məgʱaːɳaː/ is actually pronounced [məgàːɳaː]

At the end of the word (stem-final), the voiced aspirates indicate a high tone on the preceding vowel. Examples:

• ਕੁਝ /kuʤʱ/ is actually pronounced [kúʤ]

Ha

At the beginning of a word, ਹ indicates [ha].

In the middle or at the end of a word, ha indicates a high tone on the preceding vowel. Examples:

• ਚਾਹ [ʧaːh] is actually pronounced [ʧáː]

Subscript ha also indicates a high tone on the preceding vowel. Examples:

• ਪੜ੍ਹ [pəɽʱ] is actually pronounced [pə́ɽ]

The following conventions apply apart from at the beginning of a word:

• ਿਹ converts into a high tone ੇ (e.g. ਸਿਹਤ is pronounced ਸੇਤ [séːt̪]).
• 'ੁਹ converts into a high tone ੋ (e.g. ਸੁਹਣਾ is pronounced ਸੋਣਾ [sóːɳaː]).
• 'ਹਿ converts into a high tone ੈ (e.g. ਸ਼ਹਿਰ is pronounced ਸ਼ੈਰ [ɕǽr]).
• 'ਹੁ converts into a high tone ੌ (e.g. ਬਹੁਤ is pronounced ਬੌਤ [bɔ́t̪]).

References

• Teach Yourself Panjabi
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• [27]
• [28]
• [29]

• ^ The signs ṁ and ṃ are essentially identical. However, Gurmukhi has two separate nasal characters and if this distinction is to be retained separate identifiers must be used.

• ^ For Malayalam, it is transliterated as 'm' at the end of a word. There is no actual phonemic nasalisation in Malayalam. This symbol only indicates nasalisation when Malayalam script is being used to write Sanskrit. Otherwise, it represents either consonantal /m/ (without the inherent vowel) or consonantal /ŋ/ (without the inherent vowel), mostly in borrowed Sanskrit words that originally had nasalisation. Some of these borrowed words are pronounced with /m/ and others with /ŋ/, and, because of analogy, this symbol has come to represent these phonemes (when the vowels are suppressed - otherwise the normal letters would be used) in native words as well.

• ^ When applied to a semivowel (y, r, l, ḷ or v), in contrast to its application to a vowel, candrabindu is placed before the semivowel. For example, सय्ँयन्ता is written sa:m̐yyantā and not saym̐yantā.

The standard nasal signs (ṁ and ṃ) are only to be used at the end of words OR when it is crucial to keep the distinction between Bindi and Tippi use in Gurmukhi. Otherwise, the following rules should be enforced:

• Transliteration of Non-Roman Scripts
• Transliteration of Indic scripts: How to use ISO 15919^{[dead link]}

Script specific resources

• The Sindhi Alphabet
• The Western Punjabi Alphabet
• Sinhala to International Phonetic Alphabet Transliteration Scheme
• Free Online Indic Transliteration in all Indian Languages and to image conversion Bengali - Hindi - Kannada - Malayalam - Oriya - Punjabi - Tamil - Gujarati - Punjabi\Gurumukhi & Telugu
• Online Transliteration/Transcription Tool
• Tamil Unicode Keyboard