William Goddard (publisher)
William Goddard | |
---|---|
Born | |
Died | October 23, 1817 | (aged 77)
Resting place | North Burial Ground |
Known for | Colonial publisher, printer, postmaster, postal inspector |
Signature | |
William Goddard (October 10, 1740 – December 23, 1817) was an early American patriot, publisher, printer and postal inspector. Born in New London, Connecticut, Goddard lived through the American Revolutionary era, during which he opposed British rule of the colonies through his actions and publications. He was a major figure in the development of the colonial postal system, which became the U.S. Post Office after the American Revolution.
Goddard served as an
Early years
Goddard was born to a well-to-do family in 1740 in New London, Connecticut.[1] He was the son of William Giles Goddard, a wealthy doctor and the postmaster of New London, and was himself once postmaster of Providence for two years.[2][3] His mother was Sarah Updike Goddard, the daughter of Lodowick Updike, whose English and Dutch ancestors were among the first settlers of Rhode Island,[4] and who was also well educated and later ran the family printing business.[5]
Goddard had an older sister,
Goddard later worked in Parker's printing house in New York City in 1758, where he functioned as a journeyman.
Goddard's father died in 1762 and soon after his mother moved the family to Providence, Rhode Island. Goddard opened his first printing office in Providence in July with a £300 loan from his mother,[7][8] becoming the first printer of the city.[1] With the help of his mother and sister, he started The Providence Gazette and Country Journal, with the first issue being printed on October 20, 1762.[7][8][11] He competed for Rhode Island's business with Franklin's press already established in Newport.[12] This was the only newspaper printed in Providence before 1775.[13][14] Goddard was the publisher and editor of Providence's first newspaper and his friend John Carter was the printer.[15][16]
As a newspaper printer and publisher, Goddard subscribed to the ideal of a free and open press. However, his commitment to the ideal was tempered; he maintained that a free and open press "does not consist in publishing all the trash which every rancorous, illiberal, anonymous scribbler" submitted to a newspaper, and that any such freedom had to be employed with a measure of discernment and a responsibility to the truth.[17]
Career
Goddard quit the family's printing company in Rhode Island because he was not making the income that he expected. He suspended the newspaper with issue number 134 on May 11, 1765, and left his mother in charge of the business. He found a job with the New York City publisher John Holt and became a silent partner with him.[8] After a couple of months, he returned to Providence and published on August 24, 1765, an issue of the Gazette about the controversy of the Stamp Act of 1765. The newspaper was on the verge of going out of business, until Goddard published number 135 on August 9, 1766. At that time the newspaper was published under the name of "Sarah Goddard & Company," and the Stamp Act had been repealed. Later, Goddard then sent Samuel Inslee to assist his mother in the family business, but he retired with the issue printed on September 19, 1767. His friend John Carter, who had just left Franklin's print shop in Philadelphia, became a partner with the Goddard's family business. Carter assisted in printing the weekly newspaper until, he purchased the business from them in November 1768.[18] He became the successor of Goddard's Providence Gazette newspaper and started publishing it alone, beginning with issue of November 12, 1768.[19] Goddard's mother died on January 5, 1770.[1][20]
In 1765
Goddard meanwhile had joined the
Goddard purchased the first printing press made in the American colonies in 1769 from Isaac Doolittle after the latter successfully manufactured the large iron screw required in the pressing mechanism of the printing press. This marked the beginning of printing press manufacturing in America.[31]
Goddard established as the mouthpiece of the Anti-Proprietary party the
Goddard's Philadelphia business was floundering, so he decided to start over again. He bought the printing equipment and type from the widow of
Goddard's association with Benjamin Franklin in
In 1778, paper became very scarce because of the
Mary was joined sometime after mid-1778 at the Maryland Journal by Eleazer Oswald, a former American artillery officer. Oswald printed criticisms of George Washington by the disgraced general Charles Lee and this led to public demonstrations against him. While publishing the Pennsylvania Chronicle, Goddard sold paper to the New York printer John Holt. On June 8, 1779, Colonel Eleazer Oswald, considered a distinguished officer in the Colonial army, formed a business connection with Goddard at Baltimore.[45] He ended his activities as a printer by an almost twenty-year stay in Baltimore.[6] Oswald left the Journal and moved to Philadelphia in 1782.[46]
Goddard helped set up the first press in Alexandria, Virginia, as a silent partner.[47] His newspapers, like many others, printed advertisements for slave sales, brokered through printing offices.[48] As revolutionary sentiments grew and the revolution with Britain drew closer, Goddard's mother and sister took over operations at the Gazette for him, when he devoted his time and money in other business matters with Franklin and merchants.[49]
The Constitutional Post
Franklin had made significant contributions to the postal system in the colonies while serving as the postmaster of Philadelphia from 1737 to 1753, and as joint postmaster general of the colonies from 1753 to 1774.
He first made known his post office project in the Maryland Journal and Baltimore Advertiser on July 2, 1774.[54][55] He brought into existence 28 other post offices in several colonies. The colonies paid a subscription to Goddard for the service which was further improved with the net revenues.[56] This became the foundation for the United States Post Office Department.[3][57][58] A side benefit of Goddard's ideas ultimately lead to the United States Postal Inspection Service.[59]
Goddard had hired his own post riders and created a postal system that came to be known as The Constitutional Post, which would provide mail service to the colonies between New York and Philadelphia.[60] Goddard established a system of postal routes and post offices, which presence and use brought about the discontinuance of the British postal system. Known as Goddard's Post Offices, it was a private enterprise and competed with the British postal system.[61] Goddard stressed the idea that the various Constitutional Post Offices should be under the jurisdiction of a central government.[62][e] He ran the new mail service as a private concern. It was so efficient that the Continental Congress, on May 29, 1775, took the first step and appointed a committee headed by Franklin and worked out its organization as an independent postal establishment. It was named The Constitutional Post. On July 26, 1775, Congress officially developed the new nation's first postal system.[3][52][64] Goddard's oversight and organization at that time was operating from New Hampshire to Georgia.[65] Congress, needing to deal with other urgent matters, delayed Goddard's proposed plan until after the Battles of Lexington and Concord in the Spring of 1775.[39][66]
Goddard's Constitutional Post plan was ultimately implemented, assuring communication between the colonies and keeping them informed of various events during the conflict with Britain. Distrustful of the Crown, the colonial populace was turning to and using the postal system now provided by Goddard. Ultimately, Goddard and his revolutionary post was so successful that it finally forced the Crown post out of business in the American colonies by Christmas Day 1775, when the king's last postrider delivered mail.[67][68] Goddard's Constitutional Post proved to be a success and by 1775, his post system was flourishing with 30 post offices delivering mail between Portsmouth, New Hampshire, and Colonial Williamsburg. Goddard's plan for a colonial post office would be one that was established and maintained by popular subscription and would be managed and controlled by a private committee that would be elected annually by the subscribers. The committee would appoint postmasters, determine postal routes, hire post-riders and fix the rates of postage. In what was to Goddard an unexpected turn of events, when the Continental Congress authorized a post office run by the government, it passed over Goddard and instead named Benjamin Franklin as the first American Postmaster General. [51]
Recognition of Goddard's role in the development and implementation of the U. S. Post Office has been largely ignored by many historians until recently.[3][65] Goddard, a one time apprentice of Franklin and who was naturally influenced by his years of experience with the colonial postal system, still felt that he was the general creator of the postal system then in use in the colonies. Goddard was a candidate for the position of postmaster-general, but instead Franklin was chosen. He then sought the secretaryship but was passed over when Franklin selected his son-in-law Richard Bache. Franklin, however, recognized and appreciated Goddard's many efforts in organizing the colonial post-office system and appointed him as Surveyor of the Posts.[71] There has always been an American postal system in place ever since the establishment of Goddard's post offices in 1774.[72]
Goddard was disappointed when Franklin was given the position of Postmaster-General by the Continental Congress. However, he conceded to Franklin, who was 36 years his senior and had many years of experience as postmaster, and reluctantly agreed to serve instead as Riding Surveyor for the new U.S. Post Office. Franklin drew up a pass that allowed Goddard to travel at his discretion in his new position. Franklin authored and signed the pass and presented it to Goddard.
Feeling uninspired over his appointment to Surveyor of the Posts, Goddard, in a letter to Congress, dated June 21, 1776, had recited his services in the establishment of the Constitutional Post Office and reminded the delegates that they had given the Postmaster General no authority to reimburse him and his friends for their outlay of money in "establishing Postmasters, hiring Riders...", and establishing post offices throughout the colonies. Wanting to serve his country at the onset of war, and needing the opportunity to replenish his financial situation, he asked the Congress for an appointment as a lieutenant colonel. The Congress passed on his letter to the Board of War. The Board subsequently referred Goddard's appeal to General Washington, who, on July 29, 1776, in a letter to Congress, expressed the belief that the induction of Mr. Goddard "into the Army as Lieutt. Colo, would be attended with endless confusion." Thereafter no more was heard from Goddard about his military aspirations.[77]
American Revolution
In 1774, in response to the
Among other measures the Intolerable Acts closed the port of Boston and radically altered the government of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Many colonists viewed the acts as an arbitrary violation of their rights, and in response they organized the
During the few years leading up to the Revolution, Goddard became well noted for the innovations he introduced to the postal system as it came to be employed in mail delivery between the various colonies. Goddard's postal system came about as the result of a series of conflicts involving his newspaper the
One of the first issues for the delegates was how to collect and deliver the mail between the various colonies. Franklin, who had just come back from England, was made chairman of a Committee of Investigation to start a colonial postal system. The issue was a pressing one as the existing Crown Post was now routinely manipulating the mail of the colonists prior to the revolution. William Goddard experienced the abuse of authority of the Crown Post in Philadelphia after forming a partnership with Benjamin Franklin to publish the Pennsylvania Chronicle, a paper sympathetic to the revolutionary cause. Goddard was one among several publishers who used private carriers rather than those of the British crown to deliver his Chronicle so as to get the newspapers past the scrutiny of the Crown post, who was opposed to Goddard and his Chronicle for their revolutionary sympathies.[84] So adamant was the Crown towards Goddard and the Chronicle, that the local Crown postmaster intercepted and refused to deliver mail and other newspapers from other cities and towns to Goddard, depriving him of a critical source of information. The Crown Post also imposed a heavy tax on newspaper delivery. In 1773, the Pennsylvania Chronicle was finally forced to go out of business.[85]
Washington-Lee controversy
General Charles Lee was passed over for command of the Continental Army by the Continental Congress who on June 15, 1775, unanimously appointed George Washington to be their commander.[86] A disappointed Lee felt that the command should have been given to him and came to publicly criticize Washington as "...a certain great man who is damnably deficient", following Washington's defeats at the battles of White Plains and Fort Washington, in the fall of 1776.[87]
Some years later Lee had requested Goddard to publish his account of the matter. In the July 6, 1779, issue of the Maryland Journal Goddard had printed General Lee's "Some Queries, Political and Military", which consisted of a three-volume work that contained twenty-five pointed questions about the management of the war by Congress, and the conduct of George Washington in particular.[88] The "Queries" of the court-martialed general incited a Baltimore mob led by three Continental officers who confronted Goddard on the evening of July 8, They demanded at his home that he surrender and appear in front of the Whig club. Goddard grabbed his sword and called Eleazer Oswald[g] to his side. He insisted that he not be treated in such a manner. He agreed to meet the club members in a civilized manner at a local coffee house but was doubtful that they would accept his offer. A mob led by Colonel Samuel Smith caught up with him later and carried him away. Overwhelmed and helpless, Goddard agreed to publicly apologize for publishing Lee's attack on Washington in his paper, which Goddard later repudiated. Goddard and Oswald informed the state authorities of the mob attacks while defending Lee. They also demanded public protection for themselves and their right to freedom of the press, but ultimately had their demands rebuffed.[90] In the July 16 issue of the Maryland Journal, they subsequently published an acrimonious account about why and how they were treated. They championed Lee's cause, printed the correspondence between Oswald and Smith, and retracted the apology that was coerced from Goddard.[91] The long-term consequence of this episode was that Goddard and General Lee became good friends.[83][92]
In September 1782, Lee, on his way to Philadelphia, stopped for a few days in Baltimore to visit the Goddards. He went on to Philadelphia, where he died October 2.[93] It is not known exactly how the papers of General Lee came into the hands of his friend Goddard. Goddard's original plans to publish the papers never reached fruition.[92] Knowing the controversial and critical nature of the work and that its publication was likely to cause trouble,[94] Goddard, in a letter of May 30, 1785, wrote to Washington informing him that he had received a letter from Lee asking him to publish his work which roundly criticized Washington. Goddard enclosed a hand-written copy of the proposed title page on June 14, and later sent Washington a printed title page as part of his prospectus of Lee's projected three-volume work. The title page read: Miscellaneous Collections from the Papers of the late Major General Charles Lee.[82][92] Goddard's letter to Washington from Baltimore, dated May 30, 1785, said that the Manuscript Papers of General Lee came into his hands after Lee's death, and he was taking care to prepare them for publicizing by removing offensive material.[92] Washington, in a reply letter of June 11, 1785, to Goddard, referred to the news he had received from him objectively and wrote of his actions that were now in question.[95] Goddard continued to publish his newspaper in Baltimore for thirteen more years and was never again harassed.[91] After Lee died, he left Goddard a sizable portion of his estate.[96]
Later years
Goddard's relationship with his sister Mary Katherine became strained in his last years, possibly over money issues. In January 1784, his name was added to the colophon of the Maryland Journal and Baltimore Advertiser as the main editor while, his sister's name was dropped altogether. Goddard continued to be the head of the newspaper, and his sister remained in the city as a self-publisher. Goddard and his sister had published competing almanacs for 1785, which led him levying attacks at both his sister's almanac and her character. Mary sold her interest in the Maryland Journal in 1785 to Edward Langworthy that ended her business dealings with her brother and the newspaper she had assisted in establishing.[5][6][97]
On May 25, 1785, Goddard married Abigail Angell of Johnston, Rhode Island, the daughter of Brigadier-General James Angell and Mary Mawney Angell.[98] The wedding took place at Cranston.[99] They had 5 children: 4 daughters and 1 son. In 1803, he left Johnston for Providence, so his children might have more educational advantages. His son William Giles Goddard graduated from Brown University in 1812 and received an appointment of Professor of Moral Philosophy and Metaphysics.[98]
Goddard in his retirement, helped with the preparation of Isaiah Thomas's History of Printing in America (1810)[99] and was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1813.[100]
He lived in Providence until his death, December 23, 1817, aged seventy-seven years. He is buried in the North Burial Ground at Providence, Rhode Island. Goddard's son William Giles Goddard wrote his father's obituary for the Rhode Island American newspaper. It contained a passage which read, "The first years of his long life were passed amid the turmoil of useful activities - the last in the bosom of domestic quiet."[101]
Works
- The Partnership: Or the History of the Rise and Progress of the Pennsylvania Chronicle (1770)
- Andrew Marvell's Second Address to the Inhabitants of Philadelphia (1773)
- The Prowess of the Whig Club, and the Manceuvers of Legion (1777)
See also
- Early American publishers and printers
- List of early American publishers and printers
- Bibliography of Benjamin Franklin
- United States Postmaster General
- Postal Service Act
- Postal censorship
- Pony Express
- Postal history
Notes
- ^ Various Quaker party leaders preferred to acquiesce passively to the Stamp Act, while the Proprietary Party, allied with Franklin stood firmly against it.[26]
- ^ Hall was a printer and business partner with Benjamin Franklin with the Pennsylvania Gazette.
- ^ Collins would later go on to establish The New- Jersey Gazette in 1777, New Jersey's first newspaper.[33][34]
- ^ Hasselach, returning to Germany on a business venture in the winter months of 1769–1770, was lost at sea.[37]
- ^ For an outline of the eight proposed reforms proposed by Goddard see Huebner, 1906, Our Postal System[63]
- ^ They were sometimes referred to by others as "Goddard" post offices[81]
- ^ Oswald served as Charles Lee's senior artillery officer at the Battle of Monmouth on June 28, 1778.[89]
Citations
- ^ a b c d e f g Malone, 1931, v. 7, p. 341
- ^ Thomas, 1874, Vol. I, p. 201
- ^ a b c d Haskin, The Morning Call, p. 10
- ^ Thomas, 1874, Vol I, p. 203
- ^ a b Baltimore Heritage, August 5, 2010
- ^ a b c d e f Malone, 1931 p. 342
- ^ a b c d Ashley, 1985, p. 249
- ^ a b c d e f g h i McKerns, 1989, p. 274
- ^ Thomas, 1874, p. 202
- ^ Thomas, 1874, p. 305
- ^ Library of Congress, July 19, 2010
- ^ Frasca, 2006, p. 148
- ^ Thomas, 1874, Vol I, p. 83
- ^ Carroll, 1907, pp. XXXVI, 5, 9
- ^ Thomas, 1874, Vol. I, pp. 203–204
- ^ Woods, 2019, pp. 1–5
- ^ Martin, 1994, p. 522
- ^ Ashley, 1985, p. 251
- ^ Thomas, 1874, p. 295
- ^ a b c d e f g h Ashley, 1985, p. 253
- ^ Isaacson, 2003, p. 222
- ^ National Archives, Essay
- ^ Crane, University of Michigan, pp. 207, 211
- ^ Zimmerman, 1957, p. 352
- ^ Zimmerman, 1957, p. 352
- ^ Thayer, 1947, p. 20
- ^ a b Adelman, 2010, p. 725
- ^ Miner, 1962, p. 3
- ^ Thomas, 1874, Vol. II, pp.130-131
- ^ Frasca, 2006, p. 147
- ^ Wroth, 938, p. 84
- ^ Thomas, 1874, Vol. I, P. 260
- ^ a b Lee, 1923, pp. 59–60
- ^ Thomas, 1874, Vol. II, p. 128
- ^ Miner, 1962, p. 98
- ^ Goddard, 1770, title page
- ^ a b Wroth, 1922, p. 114
- ^ a b Culter, 1914, p. 1835
- ^ a b Huebner, 1906, p. 135–137
- ^ Bellis, 2006, Essay
- ^ Cutter, 1915, p. 1835
- ^ Weeks, 1916, p. 96
- ^ Journalism Department, University of Rhode Island, 2010
- ^ Leonard, 1950, pp. 488–499
- ^ Scharf, 1874, p. 81
- ^ Boatner, 1974, p. 820
- ^ Miner, 1962, p. 6
- ^ Taylor, 2020, pp. 287–323
- ^ Mary Goddard; Smithsonian National Postal Museum: Women in the U.S. Postal System Archived August 2, 2018, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Huebner, 1906, pp. 133–134
- ^ a b Isaacson, 2003, p. 157
- ^ a b Hallett, 2016, p. 82
- ^ Independence Hall Association, Essay
- ^ New York Times, July 15, 1894, p. 15
- ^ Van Nuys News, August 6, 1951
- ^ The Madison County Record, p. B7
- ^ Wonning, 2021, p. 39
- ^ Anold De Vil, p. 4
- ^ a b c Smithsonian National Postal Museum, essay
- ^ Adelman, 2021, p. 118
- ^ Wroth, 1922, p. 133
- ^ Huebner, 1906, p. 136
- ^ Huebner, 1906, pp. 135–136
- ^ McMurtrie, 1936, p. 122
- ^ a b Wheeler, 1938, p. 3
- ^ Smith, 1916, p. 274
- ^ Wroth, 1922, pp. 133–134
- ^ Kent, 1968, p. 39
- ^ Smith, 1916, pp. 274–275
- ^ Smithsonian National Postal Museum: Behind the Badge; The U.S. Postal Inspection Service, Essay
- ^ Smith, 1916, p. 275
- ^ The Richmond Item, p. 4
- ^ Rich, 1924, pp. 44, 49
- ^ Rich, 1924, p. 51
- ^ Thomas, 1874, Vol. I, p. 325
- ^ Isaacson, 2003, p. 470
- ^ Wroth, 1922, pp. 134–135
- ^ Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, p. 364
- ^ American Public University, 2010, Essay
- ^ Huebner, 1906, p. 133
- ^ a b Huebner, 1906, p. 134
- ^ a b Freeman, 1954 {1848], p. 45
- ^ a b Grizzard, 2002, p. 185
- ^ Fagerstrom, 1963, pp. 317–319
- ^ New York Times, July 15, 1894
- ^ Taylor, 2015, p. 142
- ^ Taylor, 2015, p. 166
- ^ Miner, 1962, p. 169
- ^ Alden, 1951, pp. 217, 282
- ^ Alden, 1951, pp. 282–283
- ^ a b Alden, 1951, p. 283
- ^ a b c d Washington to Goddard, May 30, 1785
- ^ Miner, 1962, p. 174
- ^ Alden, 1951, p. 281
- ^ Washington to Goddard, June 11, 1785
- ^ Charles Lee memoirs, 1792, p. 181
- ^ Scharf, 1881, p. 608
- ^ a b Culter, 1914, p. 1835
- ^ a b Ashley, 1985, p. 254
- ^ American Antiquarian Society Members Directory
- ^ Miner, 1962, p. 205
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- "Smithsonian National Postal Museum". Archived from the original on June 23, 2021. Retrieved September 7, 2021.
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- Crane, Verner W., Ph.D. (March 1942). "Franklin's Political Journalism in England" (PDF). 233 (3). University of Michigan.
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Further reading
- Fracus, Ralph (May 2006). "The Emergence of the American Colonial Press". Pennsylvania Legacies. 6 (1). University of Pennsylvania Press: 11–15. JSTOR 27765021.
- Hudak, Leona M. (1978). Early American Women Printers and Publishers, 1639–1820. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-11195.
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